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英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念1.1 the definition of a word（：（1) a minimal free form of a language; (2） a sound unity ； (3） a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence 。

A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.)1.2 sound and meaning :symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional 。

A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters thatmake up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question 。

1.3 sound and form : 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇by notion 按概念分：content words and functional words实义词和功能词by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性terminology 术语jargon 行话slang 俚语argon 黑话dialectal words 方言词archaism 古语词neologism 新词neutral in style 文体上中性frequent in use 使用频繁native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obviouscharacteristics明显的特点(Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation betweennotions, words, etc.)2 D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 （some put it 5， 000 ) languages ， which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. 2。

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳-（最新版）

English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years （3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English Words：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability（相对稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语）(7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but)Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc.（2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)2)semantic change旧词新义:does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words Allomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme(词素的分类)（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).（2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix（形容词后缀）that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）Morpheme(词素)Bound root prefixbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem（词根和词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-，mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nuclear6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixespounding复合法（also called composition）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2）adjective compounds ：e.g. acid + head = acid-head（3）verb compounds ：e.g. house + keep = housekeep3.Conversion转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）4.Blending拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5.Clipping截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone. 四种形式：1).Front clippings删节前面(phone from telephone)2).Back clippings删节后面(dorm from dormitory)3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)6.Acronymy首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)8.Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning” (“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha. 2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)1.Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative （4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field（语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义关系）Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:1.diachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）:1.radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands atthe centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.(e.g: face, neck)2.concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaning of a wordmove gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primarymeaning. In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4.They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading topolysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见)3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.Synonymy (同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :(1)Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are wordswhich are identical in meaning in all aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ](2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly thesame in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees ofa given quality.(e.g: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer,idle/lazy/indolent)Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :1)Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用法）:occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one’s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand.Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity ofmeaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire)(2)difference in connotation内涵不同. By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotivecolouring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. (借词：answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌：ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake ) (3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but difference inusage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do sth.- let sb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter)Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点：①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very” to qualify them . (e.g: single/married)2)contrary terms（对立反义词）: antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(e.g: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3)relative terms（关系反义词）：this type consists of relational opposites.（parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give）Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion（语义内涵）4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms，differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)The use of antonyms（反义词的使用）1）Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(e.g :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友，weal and woe哀乐)3）To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animalSuperordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.e.g.(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’)The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language.e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)1.Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)2.Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]3.Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的）beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]4.Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]5.Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)1.Extra-linguistic factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):1) Historical reason(历史原因)：Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. E.g: pen, car, computer.2 )Class reason(阶级原因)：The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.3) Psychological reason(心理原因)：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.2.Linguistic factors（语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and extra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context（语境的种类）1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：1) Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. (e.g: paper, do)2) Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g: become)The role of context(语境的作用)1.Elimination of ambiguity(消除歧义)1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义？——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a little2.Indication of referents(限定所指)如何限定所指？——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal context3.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy（上下义关系）7)relevant details8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms （俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）1.Semantic unity （语意的整体性）：words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom.The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each of the idiom.2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类）1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语(white elephant累赘物)2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）Use of idioms（习语的使用）1.Stylistic features（文体色彩）：1）colloquialisms（俗语）2）slang （俚语）3）literary expressions（书面表达）The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.2.Rhetorical features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1）alliteration头韵法（2）rhyme尾韵法2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举[scream and shout]（2）repetition 重复[out and out]（3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置[here and there]3.figures of speech（修辞格）（1）simile明喻（2）metaphor暗喻（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one’s pen（4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one’s bread（5）Personification拟人法（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die)（7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式)：1.addition增加2.deletion删除3.replacement替换4.position-shifting位置转移5.dismembering分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）.Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):1.Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语的(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A Chinese-English D)2.Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的（2）Encyclopedic dictionary:1）encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.2）Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia (<Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>)3.Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典)（1）Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation,。

学科整合法：将英语与其他学科融合教学

学科整合法：将英语与其他学科融合教学在传统的学科教育中，不同学科被独立地进行教学。

然而，随着教育的不断改革，学科整合法逐渐受到了广泛的关注和应用。

学科整合法旨在将多个学科的知识有机地结合起来，以提供更全面和综合的学习体验。

其中，将英语与其他学科融合教学是一种受欢迎的学科整合方式。

首先，将英语与其他学科融合教学可以加强学生的语言能力。

传统的英语教学往往缺乏实际应用的环境和场景，学生在学习中很难将所学的知识与实际生活相联系。

而将英语与其他学科融合教学可以通过实际的情境和案例，使学生在掌握英语知识的同时，能够运用所学的语言进行沟通和表达。

例如，在学习科学时，教师可以使用英语教授相关的科学知识，并要求学生使用英语进行实验报告或小组讨论。

这样的教学方式可以帮助学生将英语应用于实际情境中，提升其语言表达和沟通的能力。

其次，将英语与其他学科融合教学有助于培养学生的综合素养。

传统的学科教育注重学科知识的传授，忽视了学生综合能力的培养。

而将英语与其他学科融合教学可以使学生在学习过程中培养出跨学科的思维能力和解决问题的能力。

例如，在学习历史时，教师可以引入英文原版历史文献，让学生通过阅读和翻译，了解历史背景和文化差异。

这种融合式的学习方式，既培养了学生的英语能力，同时也拓宽了学生的知识面和眼界，提高了学生的综合素养。

另外，将英语与其他学科融合教学可以增强学生的学科学习兴趣。

传统的学科教育往往以知识的灌输和应试为导向，容易使学生对学科失去兴趣。

而将英语与其他学科融合教学可以使学科学习更加生动有趣，激发学生的学习兴趣。

例如，在学习文学作品时，教师可以以英语为媒介，引导学生进行讨论和分析，让学生在阅读的过程中体验语言的魅力和文学的魅力。

这样的学习方式不仅激发了学生学习英语的兴趣，也使学生对文学和其他学科的学习产生了浓厚的兴趣。

综上所述，将英语与其他学科融合教学是一种创新的教学方式，可以加强学生的语言能力，培养学生的综合素养，增强学生的学科学习兴趣。

英语学习应该与其他学科怎样结合？

英语学习应该与其他学科怎样结合？在全球化的浪潮下，英语作为国际通用语言，其重要性不言而喻。

然而，目前将英语学习割裂开来，只注重语法和词汇的灌输，势必会限制学生英语能力的提升和应用。

因此，将英语学习与其他学科深度融合发展，构建跨学科的学习体系，是现代教育改革的重要方向。

一、英语学习与其他学科融合的优势1. 提升学习兴趣和效率：将英语学习与学生比较感兴趣的其他学科结合，可以激发学生的学习兴趣，进而提升学习效率。

例如，将英语与历史结合，通过阅读英文历史文献，学生既可以学习历史知识，又能提升英语阅读理解能力。

2. 培养学生的综合能力：跨学科学习可以培养学生的批判性思维、问题解决能力、信息整合能力等综合能力。

例如，将英语与科学结合，学生可以学习用英语记录科学实验、分析数据和撰写报告，锻炼科学思维和英语表达能力。

3. 促进知识迁移和应用：将英语学习与其他学科结合，可以帮助学生将所学知识和技能迁移到不同的情境中，促进知识的应用。

例如，将英语与艺术结合，学生可以学习用英语欣赏艺术作品，并用英语进行创作，将英语学习与艺术实践相结合。

二、英语学习与其他学科融合的具体策略1. 主题式教学：以某一特定主题为核心，将各个学科知识串联起来，进行跨学科教学。

例如，以“环境保护”为主题，将英语、科学、地理等学科知识整合起来，开展英语演讲、英文论文写作、辩论等活动。

2. 项目式学习：以真实的项目为载体，促进学生在解决问题过程中学习和应用英语知识。

例如，以“设计一款环保产品”为项目，学生需要通过市场调研、产品设计、项目展示等环节，运用英语进行沟通、合作和表达。

3. 探究式学习：鼓励学生自主探究、合作学习，用英语进行交流和表达。

例如，在学习“古代文明”主题时，学生可以分组参与英文文献阅读、资料搜集和项目展示，锻炼语言运用能力和团队合作能力。

三、跨学科教育的挑战与应对1. 师资队伍建设：跨学科教学需要教师具备跨学科的专业知识和教学能力，需要加强教师培训和专业发展。

英语词汇学自考重点

各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。

（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。

2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。

语言学概论考试重点

一、名词解释：⒈组合关系符号和符号组合起来的关系成为符号的组合关系。

聚合关系言语链条上的某一环节能够相互替换的符号具有某种相同的作用，它们自然地聚集成群的关系叫聚合关系。

⒉语流音变音位和音位组合的时候，由于受邻音的影响，或者说话时快慢、上下、强弱的不同，可能发生不同的变化，叫做语流音变。

分析例子常见的语流音变有同化、异化、弱化、脱落四种。

1、同化：两个不同的音位，其中一个受另一个的影响，变成跟它相同或相近的音位。

如books的s发成/s/，可是dogs的s却变成了/z/，因为/g/是浊音，/s/受/g/的影响也变成了浊音/z/。

2、异化：指两个本来相同或相近的音位，其中一个由于某种原因变得跟另一个不同。

如一般话两个上声相连，第一个上声要变成阳平。

“你好、语法、粉笔、雨伞、土改〞3、弱化：在语流中，有些音的发音可能变弱，不那么清楚，这种现象叫做弱化。

如英语冠词a、an、the的语音弱化。

4、脱落：弱化音往往会进一步脱落。

如X话“你们〞常发成/nim/，“我们〞常发成/wom/，“豆腐〞/toufu/说成/touf/。

⒊音位变体一个音位常常是一组音，其各个音之间没有区别意义的作用，属于同一个音位的多个音素，都是这个音位的变体。

⒋非音质音位语音中，音高、音强、音长也是区别言语单位的语音形式，也能起区别意义的作用，也能构成音位。

有区别词的语音形式的作用的音高、音强、音长等叫做非音质音位。

⒌音素是构成音节的最小单位或最小的语音片段，是从音质的角度划分出来的最小的线性的语音单位。

⒍义素是义位的组成局部，是由分解义位而得到的比义位低一层的语义单位。

如“哥哥〞这个义位可分解为四个义素：亲属、同胞、年长、男性。

⒎义项是传统词汇学——词典学中常用的术语。

现代语义学中的“义位〞根本上对应于传统词汇学中的“义项〞。

⒏词法语素组合成词的规则叫构词法，它和词的变化规则合在一起叫做词法。

句法词组合成词组或句子的规则叫做句法。

英语词汇学知识点归纳

英语词汇学知识点归纳英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科，主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。

以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。

1. 词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。

原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇，而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。

2. 词根、前缀和后缀：许多英语单词都有共同的词根，通过添加前缀和后缀，可以构成各种派生词。

例如，'un-'是一个常见的前缀，表示否定，如'unhappy'（不快乐）。

3. 同义词和反义词：同义词具有相似的意思，可以在不同的上下文中互换使用，例如'big'和'large'。

反义词则是意思相反的词汇，如'hot'和'cold'。

4. 合成词：合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。

例如，'sunflower'（向日葵）由'sun'（太阳）和'flower'（花）组成。

5. 词源学：词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。

许多英语单词来自其他语言，如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。

了解词源可以帮助我们理解词汇的含义和用法。

6. 词义的变化：词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。

一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。

例如，'mouse'（老鼠）最初是指一种小动物，现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。

7. 词汇的语法功能：词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色，如名词、动词、形容词等。

了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。

8. 语义关系：词汇之间存在各种语义关系，如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。

了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量，提高语言表达能力。

9. 词汇的习得和记忆：习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。

采用合适的记忆方法，如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等，可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。

以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。

小学英语教案的学科融合

小学英语教案的学科融合近年来，学科融合已成为教育领域的热门话题。

而小学英语作为一门重要的学科，如何与其他学科进行融合，实现知识的互通有无疑是我们需要思考的问题。

本文将探讨小学英语教案的学科融合，分别从数学、科学和艺术三个学科角度进行讨论。

一、数学与英语融合数学与英语是两门截然不同的学科，然而它们之间却存在着一定的内在联系。

在小学英语教学中，我们可以引入一些与数学相关的教学内容，以促进学生对两门学科的理解和应用。

1. 利用数字和计算概念：在英语课堂上，可以引入一些与数字相关的练习，例如数数动作、计算单词的字母个数等。

这样不仅能够提高学生的英语听说能力，同时也能培养学生的数学思维能力。

2. 运用几何概念：通过引入一些与形状和空间相关的英语词汇，如circle（圆形）、triangle（三角形）等，可以帮助学生理解和运用几何概念。

同时，教师还可以设计一些与几何形状相关的活动，如拼图游戏，以提高学生的英语学习兴趣。

二、科学与英语融合科学和英语两门学科之间存在着天然的联系。

科学通过实验和观察来研究自然界的现象，而英语则是进行科学研究和交流的国际语言。

因此，在小学英语教学中，可以将一些科学知识与英语知识进行结合，以促进学生的科学素养和英语表达能力。

1. 实验和观察的英语表达：在教学中，鼓励学生使用英语进行实验和观察的描述，帮助他们学会用英语表达自己的科学观察结果和实验结论。

例如，学生可以通过观察植物的生长过程，用英语描述这一过程，并分享自己的观察结果。

2. 科学词汇的学习：科学领域有许多特定的词汇，学生可以通过英语教学来学习和掌握这些词汇。

在课堂上，教师可以通过图片、实物、视频和课堂讨论等方式，帮助学生理解和记忆科学词汇，以提高他们的英语词汇量和科学知识。

三、艺术与英语融合艺术是小学教育中不可或缺的一部分，而小学英语教学可以通过与艺术的融合来激发学生的创造力和想象力。

1. 英语剧场表演：组织学生进行英语剧场表演，能够帮助他们提高英语口语表达能力，同时也培养学生的表演才能和团队合作精神。

深度解析英语高二课程人教版特辑

深度解析英语高二课程人教版特辑英语是一门国际性的语言，对于学生来说，学好英语是十分重要的。

人教版高中英语教材在高二阶段起到了重要的作用。

本文将深入解析英语高二课程人教版特辑，探讨其特点、内容以及如何更好地学习。

一、人教版高二英语课程特点人教版高二英语教材体现了以下几个特点：1. 国际化视野：人教版高二英语教材注重培养学生的国际化视野。

通过介绍不同国家的文化和风俗习惯，帮助学生了解不同文化之间的差异，提高跨文化交流能力。

2. 综合性教学：人教版高二英语教材注重培养学生的综合语言运用能力。

教材内容涵盖听、说、读、写等多个方面，通过丰富的课文和练习题，帮助学生全面提高英语综合运用能力。

3. 学科融合：人教版高二英语教材与其他学科融合紧密。

教材中的课文内容紧密结合历史、地理、文学等学科内容，帮助学生建立英语与其他学科之间的联系，增强跨学科的学习能力。

4. 强调思维发展：人教版高二英语教材注重培养学生的思维发展。

通过让学生进行独立思考、自主学习，培养他们的创新思维和解决问题的能力。

二、人教版高二英语课程内容1. 听力训练：人教版高二英语教材注重培养学生的听力技能。

通过听力材料，提高学生对英语语音、语调、语速等方面的理解和应用能力。

2. 口语表达：人教版高二英语教材注重培养学生的口语表达能力。

通过对话、演讲等活动，帮助学生提高口语表达的流利度和准确性。

3. 阅读理解：人教版高二英语教材注重培养学生的阅读理解能力。

通过阅读不同类型的文章，学生可以提高阅读速度和理解能力，培养正确的阅读方法。

4. 写作技巧：人教版高二英语教材注重培养学生的写作技巧。

通过写作练习，学生可以提高写作能力，包括文章结构的合理性、语言表达的准确性等方面。

5. 词汇和语法：人教版高二英语教材注重词汇和语法的学习。

通过词汇和语法知识的掌握，学生可以更好地理解和运用英语。

三、如何高效学习人教版高二英语课程1. 制定学习计划：合理安排学习时间，将重点放在听力、口语、阅读和写作等方面，并制定具体的学习目标。

英语词汇学习策略与课堂教学的融合

浅析英语词汇学习策略与课堂教学的融合摘要：本文重点分析了英语词汇学习策略与课堂教学相融合的几种方法，以求通过强化语音教学、精讲构词法和词根、注重词的引申、辨析与搭配和进行词汇测试等方法激发学生对英语词汇的学习兴趣，提高学生的词汇学习成绩，提升英语词汇的教学效果。

关键词：词汇学习；课堂教学；策略中图分类号：h31文献标识码：a文章编号：1009-0118（2013）03-0375-02词汇学习是外语学习的核心，只有掌握了足够的词汇，才能在广泛的语境中成功地实现信息的沟通。

非英语专业学生掌握的英语词汇量普遍不足，学习兴趣不高，如何在课堂教学过程中激发他们的学习兴趣，提高词汇学习效率是我们进行英语教学的重点。

把英语词汇学习策略与课堂教学相融合是值得一试、并应长期坚持的好方法。

一、强化语音教学词汇教学应从语音教学开始。

首先要让学生掌握正确的发音，只有发音正确才能有助于词汇的记忆，才能养成良好的语流和语感，提高英语听说能力。

一个发音不准的学生很难掌握丰富的词汇和具有较高的阅读和听力理解能力。

教师在教学过程中，首先应该详细讲解音节、音节划分、重读等单词读音知识，从元音字母、元音字母组合，辅音字母、辅音字母组合的角度总结英语单词的发音规则，从而让学生熟悉必要的语音知识，掌握单词的读音规则，看到单词会发音，掌握音、形对应规律，排除单词拼写的障碍。

对于教材后的单词表，教师应做到领读、纠音；讲解课文时，对于重点段落可播放音频或提问学生朗读，对单词表外的重点词汇也要让学生做到知音、识意。

二、精讲构词法与词根语言学家把专门研究词形变化现象和规则的学问称为词形学（morphology），简称为构词法（word formation）。

构词法基本上包括词根（root）、派生词（derivative）、合成词（compound words）。

大量英语单词都是加前缀（preflx）或后缀（suffix）之后变成的派生词。

因此，如果教师能在英语课堂教学中，运用词根词缀，从词源的角度去解释单词构成的逻辑性和规律性，就能大大提高学生记忆单词的兴趣和能力，收到立竿见影的效果。

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳

《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
1.单词的构成：单词由不同的字母组合而成，可以包括前缀、词根、
后缀等。

2.词根和词义：词根是单词中带有基本词义的部分，在单词形态变化
时不会改变。

词根可以是一个字母、一个词或一个词组。

词根可以通过前
缀和后缀的添加，以及音变等形式进行变化。

3.前缀和后缀：前缀是加在词根前面的一种字母或几个字母，可以改
变单词的意义或词类。

后缀是加在词根后面的一种字母或几个字母，可以
改变单词的意义、词类或语法功能。

4.同义词和反义词：同义词是意义相近或相同的词，可以在表达时相
互替换。

反义词则是意义相反的词，通常用来表达对立或对比的关系。

5.词义的变化：词义可以根据语境和用法的不同而发生变化，有时一
个词也可以具有多个意义。

6.词义的分类：词义可以分为字面意义（词义的最基本的意义）、引
申义（从原来的字面意义发展而来的新的意义）和隐喻义（使用一个词来
暗示或比喻另一个概念）。

7.词义的搭配：词义可以和其他词搭配使用，形成固定的词组或短语，这些搭配可以帮助我们更好地理解和运用单词。

8.词法关系：词汇学研究不同词之间的关系，如近义词、反义词、属
于关系等。

9.词源学：词源学研究词语的起源和发展，并追溯词汇的历史和语言
渊源。

10.词汇扩充：词汇学研究如何通过学习和运用词汇扩充词汇量，如学习词根、前缀和后缀的意义和用法，以及拆解和分析复杂单词的方法。

英语词汇学知识点归纳详细

英语词汇学知识点归纳详细英语词汇学是研究英语词汇的起源、发展、结构和功能的学科。

它关注词汇的形成、分布和使用规律，旨在帮助人们更好地理解和运用英语词汇，我将详细讨论英语词汇学的一些重要知识点。

第一部分：英语词汇的起源和发展1.1 词汇的起源英语词汇的起源可以追溯到原始语言，人类追求沟通的需要催生了词汇的出现。

最初，人们通过模仿自然声音或物体特性来命名事物，逐渐形成了最早的词汇系统。

1.2 词汇的发展随着社会的进步和交流的增加，语言发生了演变和变异。

英语词汇的发展经历了几个阶段，包括古英语、中古英语、现代英语等，每个阶段都有其独特的特点和词汇形态。

第二部分：英语词汇的结构2.1 词根词根是词汇的核心部分，它通常具有基本含义，并可以通过前缀和后缀来构成新的词汇。

例如，"write"是一个词根，可以通过添加前缀"re-"构成"rewrite"，通过添加后缀"-er"构成"writer"。

2.2 前缀前缀位于词根之前，用于改变词的意义或形态。

常见的前缀包括"un-"（表示否定）、"re-"（表示再次）等。

例如，"happy"变为"unhappy"表示不快乐，"do"变为"redo"表示重新做。

2.3 后缀后缀位于词根之后，用于改变词的类别或形态。

常见的后缀包括"-er"（表示职业或性别）、"-able"（表示能力或性质）等。

例如，"act"变为"actor"表示演员，"comfort"变为"comfortable"表示舒适的。

第三部分：英语词汇的分类3.1 按词性分类英语词汇可以根据其功能和词法特征分为不同的词性，包括名词、动词、形容词、副词、介词、连词和感叹词等。

英语词汇学各章节重点、词汇解释、阅读及试卷

英语词汇学各章节重点、词汇解释、阅读及试卷大学英语词汇学复习要点1.外来词分为四类：1 Denizens ,cup from cuppa , port form portus 2) Aliens garage , décor 3) Translation –loans e.g. long time no see 4) Semantic- loans.e.g. dream.2.Motivation 分类：onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation, etymological motivation. Types of meaning: grammatical ~ & lexical ~; conceptual ~& associative ~(connotative~, stylistic~, affective ~, collocative ~,)多义关系及两种研究方法:Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural language that one word has two or more senses or meanings. Diachronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies how a word derived its different meanings from its primary meaning in the course of time.3.Synchronic approach is an approach to polysemy which studies the coexistence of various meanings of the same word ina certain historical period of time.4.Primary meaning is the only meaning that a word had when it was first created.5.Derived meanings are the meanings that a word gets from the primary meaning at different stages of its development in the course of time.6.同形同音异义关系Homonymy is one of the features of words that a word is different in meaning from another, but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling with the other Homonyms generally fall into three classes: perfect homonyms (same name); homographs (same spelling) and homophones （some sound）. Perfect homonymsare those words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bear /bea/ (n) a large heavy animal; bear /bea/ (v) to put up with. Homographs are the words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. saw / / (v) to scatter seeds; sow /sau/ (n) female adult pig. Homophones refer to the words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear /dia/ (n) a loved person; deer /dia/ (n) a kind of animal.7.同形同音异义词与多义词的区别Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. The second principal consideration is semantic relatedness. The various meanings of a polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning to a greater or lesser degree, e. g. neck (See 6.1 Polysemy) . On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.8.同义关系Synonyms are words which share the same or nearly the same meaning with each other but different in sound and spelling. There are absolute synonyms and relative synonyms which result from borrowing, dialects and regional English,figurative and euphemistic use of words, coincidence with idiomatic expressions. There exists the difference between or among synonyms in terms of their denotation, connotation or application. Absolute synonyms or complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. Relative synonyms or near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.9.Sources of Synonyms 1) Borrowing 2)Dialects and regional English 3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words 4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions10.如何区分同义词？1Difference in denotation2 Difference in connotation 3 Difference in application11.What are the characteristics of antonyms?12.1) Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition 2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym. 3) Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion.4) Contrary termsare gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intenisty, so each has its own corresponding opposite.13.上下义关系:Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. Superordinates refer to some general words; subordinates denote those more specific words. Hyponymy can be described in terms of tree-like graphs, with higher-order superordinates above the lower subordinates. But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms. For example, horse, dog, pig are subordinates in relation to animal, but superordinates of mare, hound and boar, Animal itself becomesa subordinate of creature. And creature in turn becomes14.词义变化的种类There are five types of meaning, changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, and transfer among which extension and narrowing are the most common. Changes in meaning can be accounted for from extra-linguistic factors (historical reason, class reason, and psychological reason) and intra-linguistic factors (shortening, the influx of borrowing, and analogy).15.词义的扩大Extension is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less16.definite concept. Compare the following；词义的缩小Narrowing is a process by which a word of wider meaning acquires a specialized sense；词义的升华Elevation is a process by which a word moves from a derogatory or neutral sense to a neutral and/or appreciative sense；词义的降格Degradation is a process by which a word of reputation slides into a pejorative use,；词义的转移Transfer is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to a different but related thing. Paper serves as an example. This word formerly denoted an African plant papyrus, which was once used to make paper. In modern times, paper is made from rags, wood, straw and the like, but the product has retained the same name. There is associated transfer. There are other kinds of transfer, such as, concrete to abstract, abstract to concrete and transfer of sensation.17.语境的种类:非语言语境。

《高中英语1.5万考点》

《高中英语1.5万考点》《高中英语1.5万考点》是一本综合性的英语教辅书，为中学生提供了1.5万多道有关英语知识考点的在线测评和诊断系统。

它涵盖了英文阅读、语法语言、翻译、写作等多个领域，深入浅出地介绍了各种考题类型，让考点更加全面、考据更加全面。

通过它，学生可以深入了解英语知识，掌握考点，攻克困难知识点，更好地复习英语学科、提高英文成绩。

一、全面考点覆盖《高中英语1.5万考点》融合多种考点来源，包括过去一学期思政、地理、历史、生物等科目中的宽广知识领域，以及根据高中的语法、词汇等内容深入解析，形成考点。

(1)阅读理解：融合了各类文章摘抄、故事阅读、风俗文化等，以及关联内容的图表题、名词解释等，及时勾勒出学生在读写技能训练中重要知识点。

(2)语法词汇：涵盖动词、名词、形容词、介词及其他各类重要词汇，以及话题会话、句子结构把握等，让语言表达能力更强。

(3)翻译：涵盖文章翻译、句子翻译等，融合中学英语教材，从容面对试卷的平衡和流畅，同时锻炼学生对英文瞬间翻译的能力。

(4)写作：涵盖文体写作、口语表达等，有着全方位的写作训练，让学生在考试前可以有清晰的理解，且得心应手。

二、实用性较强《高中英语1.5万考点》拥有精准的考点提示、形象的问题演示板块和丰富的自测系统。

(1)考点提示：考点提示中更加详细收录了各种考点，既有最基础的考点，也有最新的考点，可以帮助学生清楚了解考点。

(2)问题演示板块：分析考试给出的题目，有针对性地展示给考生，使得考生清晰明了，可以迅速回答各类题目。

(3)自测系统：该系统为学生提出了实时练习题，还有真题模拟练习，可以加强学生对相关考点的练习，掌握知识点。

三、考点讲解灵活《高中英语1.5万考点》全面地引导学生理解考点，将每个知识点都从多方面、详细地进行讲解，而且根据每条考点的特点设置不同的训练题，便于学生分类复习，从而在最短的时间内掌握考点。

《高中英语1.5万考点》是一本综合性的英语教辅书，不仅包含了1.5万道英语考点，而且还有着实用性强、考点讲解灵活，一定程度上可以提高学生的英文素养，辅助学生在英语学习考试中取得好成绩。

英语学科整合与学科融合英语范文

英语学科整合与学科融合英语范文English:English subject integration and subject fusion are two important concepts in the field of education. English subject integration refers to the process of combining English language learning with other subjects, such as science, math, or social studies. This approach helps students see the connections between different subjects and enhances their overall understanding of the material. By integrating English into other subjects, students can develop their language skills while also learning important content knowledge.On the other hand, English subject fusion involves merging English language learning with other subjects in a more seamless and comprehensive way. In a fused curriculum, English is not just a separate subject but is integrated into all aspects of learning. This approach emphasizes the importance of language in all areas of study and helps students develop a deeper understanding of both English and the content of other subjects.Both subject integration and subject fusion have their own benefits and challenges. Subject integration allows for more flexibility in curriculum design and can help students make connections between different subjects. However, it can be difficult to ensure that all students receive the same level of English language instruction when it is integrated into multiple subjects. Subject fusion, on the other hand, provides a more holistic approach to language learning and ensures that English is an integral part of the curriculum. However, it may require more coordination among teachers and departments to successfully implement a fused curriculum.In conclusion, both English subject integration and subject fusion are valuable approaches to language learning in education. By combining English with other subjects, students can develop their language skills while also gaining a deeper understanding of the material. Whether through integration or fusion, the goal is to create a curriculum that promotes language development and enhances overall learning outcomes.中文：英语学科整合和学科融合是教育领域中两个重要的概念。

英语学科融合实施方案

英语学科融合实施方案英语学科融合是指将英语学科与其他学科相结合，通过跨学科教学和学科融合实施方案，促进学科之间的交叉与融合，提高学生的综合素质和能力。

英语学科融合实施方案的制定和实施对于学生的综合素质和能力的提高具有重要意义。

下面将就英语学科融合实施方案进行探讨。

首先，英语学科融合实施方案应该注重跨学科教学。

在教学过程中，教师可以将英语学科与其他学科相结合，设计跨学科教学活动，让学生在学习英语的同时，也能学习其他学科的知识。

比如，可以将英语与科学、历史、地理等学科相结合，设计相关的教学活动，让学生在学习英语的同时，也能了解其他学科的知识，提高学生的综合素质和能力。

其次，英语学科融合实施方案应该注重学科融合课程的设计。

在课程设计过程中，教师可以结合英语学科的特点，设计与其他学科相结合的课程，让学生在学习英语的同时，也能学习其他学科的知识。

比如，可以设计以英语为载体的科学实验课、历史故事课、地理探究课等，让学生在学习英语的同时，也能了解其他学科的知识，提高学生的综合素质和能力。

此外，英语学科融合实施方案应该注重教师团队的建设。

在教师团队建设过程中，学校可以组织相关的培训和交流活动，提高教师的跨学科教学能力，鼓励教师在教学中积极探索，不断创新，设计出更多符合学生学习需求的英语学科融合实施方案，提高学生的综合素质和能力。

最后，英语学科融合实施方案应该注重学生的参与和反馈。

在实施过程中，学校可以鼓励学生参与课程设计、教学活动的策划和实施，让学生在实践中感受到学科融合的魅力，激发学生的学习兴趣和学习动力。

同时，学校还应该及时收集学生的反馈意见，不断改进和完善英语学科融合实施方案，提高学生的综合素质和能力。

总之，英语学科融合实施方案的制定和实施对于学生的综合素质和能力的提高具有重要意义。

学校和教师应该注重跨学科教学、学科融合课程的设计、教师团队的建设以及学生的参与和反馈，共同努力，为学生提供更加丰富多彩的学习体验，提高学生的综合素质和能力。

多语言词汇：多元文化中的词汇交融与创新

多语言词汇交融与创新的未来前景
• 多语言词汇交融与创新将有助于丰富语言资源和提高语言能力 • 多语言词汇交融与创新将有助于促进文化交流和文化创新 • 多语言词汇交融与创新将有助于提高文化适应能力和文化竞争力
语言科技对多语言词汇发展的影响
语言科技的发展趋势
• 语言科技将更加注重个性化和智能化 • 语言科技将更加注重跨语言和跨文化的应用 • 语言科技将更加注重教育和服务的发展
多语言词汇创新对语言多样性的促进作用
• 多语言词汇创新有助于推动语言传播和语言交流 • 多语言词汇创新有助于促进文化多样和文化创新 • 多语言词汇创新有助于提高文化适应能力和文化竞争力
04
多语言词汇在日常生活中的应用 Nhomakorabea多语言词汇在跨文化交流中的应用
跨文化交流中的语言障碍
• 语言差异和文化差异是跨文化交流的主要障碍 • 语言理解和语言表达是跨文化交流的关键问题 • 多语言词汇和跨文化交际技巧是跨文化交流的重要工具
多语言词汇发展对文化多样性的挑战
• 多语言词汇发展可能面临语言竞争和语言霸权的挑战 • 多语言词汇发展可能面临文化冲突和文化融合的挑战 • 多语言词汇发展可能面临科技创新和全球化的挑战
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词汇借用的过程和方式
• 词汇借用通常从口语开始，然后逐渐书面化 • 词汇借用可以通过翻译、音译和意译等方式进行 • 词汇借用需要考虑语境和接受度，以避免误解和冲突
多语言词汇交融的动态过程
多语言词汇交融的原因和动力
• 文化交流和全球化推动了多语言词汇交融 • 科技进步和互联网的发展加速了多语言词汇交融 • 语言接触和词汇借用是多语言词汇交融的直接原因
词汇交融对语言功能的影响

小学2年级英文单词学习的跨学科整合

小学2年级英文单词学习的跨学科整合在小学二年级的英文学习中，跨学科整合扮演着重要角色。

它不仅仅是语言学习的一部分，更是整个教育过程中的一种综合方法，帮助学生在多个学科中建立连接和理解。

首先，想象一下，当我们学习新单词时，它们并不孤立存在。

比如，学习动物的名称如lion（狮子）和elephant（大象），不仅仅是学习英语，还可以拓展到科学课程中。

通过学习这些单词，学生不仅了解了它们的英文表达，还能探索它们的生活习性和栖息地，这就是跨学科整合的一个例子。

其次，数学也可以与英语学习结合起来。

想象一下，在数学课上，学生学习了关于形状和空间的单词，比如circle（圆形）和triangle（三角形）。

这些单词不仅仅是描述形状的工具，还是数学概念的一部分。

通过将数学术语与英语单词结合，学生不仅提高了他们的语言技能，还深化了对数学概念的理解。

另一个例子是社会科学和历史。

当学生学习关于不同国家和文化的单词时，比如country（国家）和culture（文化），他们不仅了解了这些词汇的语言意义，还能进一步探索这些国家的地理位置、人口和传统习俗。

这种跨学科的整合帮助学生建立了更广泛的全球意识。

最后，艺术和音乐也可以与英语学习相结合。

学生学习关于颜色和音乐的词汇时，比如red（红色）和music（音乐），不仅仅是学习如何描述视觉和听觉体验，还可以通过创作和表达来增强他们的语言技能。

总而言之，小学二年级的英语单词学习不应被视为单一的语言学习过程，而是一个可以整合多学科内容的丰富机会。

通过跨学科整合，学生不仅能够更深入地理解单词的意义和用法，还能够在多个学科中建立联系，促进更全面的学习和理解能力的发展。

这种综合方法不仅丰富了课堂学习的体验，还培养了学生在不同学科之间进行综合思考和应用知识的能力，为他们未来的学习和生活打下坚实的基础。

英语新课标学科融合课题

英语新课标学科融合课题
英语新课标学科融合课题是一个旨在通过跨学科教学方法，提高学生
英语综合运用能力的教育改革方向。

在这一课题下，英语教学不再局
限于传统的语言学习，而是与科学、数学、艺术等其他学科相结合，
形成一个多维度、互动性强的学习环境。

首先，学科融合可以让学生在实际的学科知识背景下学习英语，这有
助于他们更好地理解和记忆英语词汇和表达方式。

例如，在科学课上，学生可以通过阅读和讨论科学文章来学习相关的专业术语和表达。

其次，通过跨学科项目，学生能够在解决实际问题的过程中使用英语
进行沟通和协作，这不仅锻炼了他们的语言能力，也培养了他们的团
队合作精神和创新思维。

例如，学生可以参与一个关于环境保护的跨
学科项目，在这个项目中，他们需要用英语撰写报告、进行演讲和展示。

此外，学科融合还鼓励教师采用多样化的教学方法，如探究式学习、
项目式学习等，这些方法能够激发学生的学习兴趣，提高他们的参与
度和学习效果。

教师可以根据学生的不同兴趣和能力，设计个性化的
学习任务，让学生在英语学科融合中找到适合自己的学习路径。

最后，学科融合还强调评价方式的多元化。

除了传统的笔试和口试，
还可以通过项目成果、小组讨论、个人展示等多种方式来评价学生的
英语能力。

这样的评价体系更加全面，能够更真实地反映学生的学习
情况。

总之，英语新课标学科融合课题为英语教学提供了新的思路和方法，
它有助于培养学生的综合语言运用能力，同时也促进了学生的全面发
展。

通过这种教学模式，学生能够在更加丰富和真实的语境中学习英语，从而更好地适应未来社会的需求。