翻译完成稿
英语演讲稿3分钟带翻译3篇
英语演讲稿3分钟带翻译3篇imfromclass6,mynameisxxx.itsmyhonortospeakhere.imverygladtosharemytopicwithyou.doou rownismytopic.withthedevelopmentofoursociety,moreandmorepeoplelosethemselves,andtheydontknowwhatt heywanttodo,theydontknowwhattheyaredoing.howterrible!letsdoaheart,letsliveinthesunshine,letourlifebemoremeaningful,dowewanttodo,dowhatwe do,doourown.thatsall,thankyouforyourlistening我是6班，我的名字是某某，我很荣幸在这里讲话，我很高兴能和你分享我的话题，做我们自己的事。
随着社会的发展，越来越多的人迷失了自我，他们不知道自己想做什么，他们不知道自己在做什么，这是多么可怕!对于我们，我们不能选择出生，我们不能选择我们的父母，我们不能选择我们的出生国，我们不能选择我们的死亡时间，但我们可以选择如何面对我们的生活：幸福或不快乐，积极或消极。
什么是重要的，我们应该做什么，我们不应该做什么，我们可以自己决定。
不管我们如何选择和决定，所有这些都是由我们做的，所以不要太在意别人怎么看你，只做自己，自己做。
让我们做一颗心吧，让我们活在阳光下，让我们的生活更有意义，做我们想做的事，做我们自己做的事，做我们自己的事。
这是所有的，谢谢你的聆听。
Nothingisdifficultifyouputyourheartonit.Nothingiseasyifyoudonttryyourbest.Onereasonisthatifwegiveuptooeasily,wewillrarelyachieveanything.Itisnotunusualforust ofailinourfirstattemptatsomethingnew,soweshouldnotfeeldiscouragedandshouldtryagain.Besi des,ifwealwaysgiveupwhenwefail,wewillnotbeabletodevelopnewskillsandgrowaspeople.Anotherreasonweshouldnevergiveupisthatwecanlearnfromourmistakesonlyifwemakeaneweffort.Ifwedono ttryagain,thelessonwehavelearnediswasted.Finally,weshouldnevergiveupbecauseasweworktore achourgoals,wedevelopconfidence,andthisconfidencecanhelpussucceedinotherareasofourlives.ProbablythegreatestexampleofpersistenceisAbrahamLincoln.Bornintopoverty,Lincolnwasf acedwithdefeatthroughouthislife.Helosteightelections,twicefailedinbusinessandsufferedan ervousbreakdown.Lincolnwasachampionandhenevergaveup.如果你把你的心脏上没有什么是困难的。
英文会议翻译发言稿范文
英文会议翻译发言稿范文Ladies and gentlemen,It is a privilege to stand before you today and address this esteemed gathering. We have gathered here to discuss and deliberate on important matters that demand our attention and action.As we engage in meaningful discussions and exchange ideas, it is important to remember that our ultimate goal is to find solutions to the challenges that lie before us. It is crucial that we approach these discussions with an open mind and a willingness to listen to differing perspectives.I truly believe that this conference presents a valuable opportunity for us to work together and find common ground on issues that affect us all. By fostering an atmosphere of collaboration and mutual respect, we can harness the collective wisdom and expertise in this room to make a positive impact in our respective fields.I urge all of you to actively participate in the discussions and share your insights and experiences. Let us seize this opportunity to learn from each other and contribute to the collective knowledge that will guide our future actions.I am confident that the discussions that take place here today will lead to meaningful outcomes and pave the way for progress and positive change. I look forward to the fruitful exchange of ideas and the valuable connections that will be forged during this conference.Thank you for your attention, and I wish us all a productive and successful conference.。
翻译报告怎么写
翻译报告怎么写翻译报告是对翻译过程和翻译结果进行说明和评述的文稿。
以下是一份范例，共计700字：翻译报告引言：本翻译报告旨在介绍本次翻译的背景、目的、方法和结果，并对整个翻译过程进行总结和评价。
一、背景：本次翻译项目是一份商业合同翻译，委托方是一家国际贸易公司，要求将一份中文合同文件翻译为英文，以便与国外商家进行合作。
二、目的：翻译的目的是为了确保国内和国外商家在交流和合作中理解文本的内容和要求。
准确传达原文信息，避免产生歧义和误解是本次翻译的主要目标。
三、方法：先阅读原文，理解其含义和结构特点。
然后，根据原文的语义和语法，选择合适的英文表达法。
在翻译过程中，注重语言的准确性和流畅性。
四、结果：翻译完成后，对英文文本进行了多次校对和修改，确保语法、拼写和用词的准确性。
最终呈现出一份通顺、准确的英文合同翻译。
五、总结：整个翻译过程中，遇到了一些困难和挑战，主要是原文中的特定行业术语和法律用语。
为了准确表达这些术语，我进行了大量的背景研究和术语搜集。
同时，我还请教了一些相关专业人士，以确保翻译的准确性和专业性。
六、评价：整体而言，本次翻译工作取得了较好的效果。
除了准确表达原文的要求外，还考虑了译文的流畅性和可读性。
在翻译过程中，我尽量保持忠实于原文的原则，但也根据需要作了一些合理的调整和突破。
七、改进：在今后的翻译工作中，我会进一步提升自己的专业素养，加强与委托方的沟通，以更好地了解他们的需求和要求。
同时，我还会不断拓宽自己的知识面，提高对各个领域的了解，以便在翻译过程中更加准确地传达原文的含义。
结语：通过本次翻译项目，我对翻译工作的重要性和挑战有了更深刻的理解。
我将继续努力提高自己的翻译技巧和业务水平，以为客户提供更优质的翻译服务。
以上是一份关于翻译报告的范例，旨在介绍翻译背景、目的、方法和结果，并对整个翻译过程进行总结和评价，以及提出改进意见。
具体的翻译报告可以根据实际情况进行调整和修改。
翻译终稿
1、嘉德引年祺佑善人Virtue contributes to prolonging life,and lucky continues to blessing descendants.2、品鉴嘉和温度悦动天地大美Tasting the Beauty and harmony of the world,showing the elegant and pleasant of the nature.3、从这里开始未来没有边际It is from here that there is no boundary in the future.4、没有什么能够阻挡因为远方就在那里Nothing can stop going forward, because the success is in far future.5、上善若水润泽天下The highest good is like water, which benefits to the world.6、拓跋峰顶方知何为宽广Learn the immensity of the world only after trekking up to the pinnacle.7、厚德之土根植大爱无疆T he soil with moral integrity, rooted in great love.8、红了山花绿了翠柳为你而来桃花源Red flowers and green willows bring you to the Peach Garden.9、藏世于千年耀世于永恒Hid in the world for a thousand years,but shining through all eternity.10、谋定而动江山于胸Planning and then acting with confident.11、撷山水之灵孕日月昭彰In the spirit of the notorious pregnancy landscape,the sun and the moon are brilliant12、道法自然天清地宁It is better to follow Natural rule, so the world will be more peaceful.13、大格局大手笔一切唯心唯量Generous trend and achievement are all in the mind.14、价值绚烂于高瞻远瞩V alue is splendid to show great foresight.15、何谓大美大羊为美What is beautiful?The big sheep is the most beautiful object of all according to the traditional Chinese idea.16、山已成峰云端有我When mountains have peaks,I success above the cloud.17、通达你我之界天涯近在咫尺Link up the world between you and me,the skyline will be near the hand.18、层级不在实力的掣肘身未动境已成Power, are not in powerful constraints, and Coming to power naturally.19、无需选择只因本然如此No need to choose as it is the nature.20、何者为大因你而大What is powerful because of you making powerful.。
我爱英语演讲稿带翻译
我爱英语演讲稿带翻译我爱英语演讲稿带翻译演讲稿特别注重结构清楚，层次简明。
在现在社会，接触并使用演讲稿的人越来越多，你写演讲稿时总是没有新意？下面是整理的我爱英语演讲稿带翻译，欢迎大家分享。
我爱英语演讲稿带翻译1I love EnglishWhen I was seven, I started learning English. I played games and sang English songs with otherchildren. Sometimes, I watched English cartoons. It’s funny. Then I discovered the beauty of thelanguage, and began my colorful dream in the English world.I hope I can travel around the world someday. I want to go to America to visit Washington, because my cousin is over there. Of course, I want to go to London too, because England is where Englishlanguage developed. If I can ride my bike in Cambridge University, I will be very happy.I hope I can speak English with everyone in the world. Also I’ll introduce China to them, such as the Great Wall, andthe gardens in Suzhou. I will teaching people of the world about the beautiful language of our country.I like the English language. To learn English is wonderful. I once wanted to be an English teacher . Ialso like Chinese literature. When I was really young, I was able to remember lots of poems. I alsowanted to be a teacher of Chinese. Now I think that both of my dreams can come true: I will be able to use English to teach foreign friends Chinese and share Chinese culture with them. So that more andmore people will be able to get to know the 5000 years’ history culture, and the prosperity of our great China.My future is not a dream. I am confident that it will come true.：我爱英语当我7岁，我开始学习英语。
英文翻译终稿
The Integrated CircuitDigital logic and electronic circuits derive their functionality from electronic switches called transistor. Roughly speaking, the transistor can be likened to an electronically controlled valve whereby energy applied to one connection of the valve enables energy to flow between two other connections.By combining multiple transistors, digital logic building blocks such as AND gates and flip-flops are formed. Transistors, in turn, are made from semiconductors. Consult a periodic table of elements in a college chemistry textbook, and you will locate semiconductors as a group of elements separating the metals and nonmetals.They are called semiconductors because of their ability to behave as both metals and nonmetals. A semiconductor can be made to conduct electricity like a metal or to insulate as a nonmetal does. These differing electrical properties can be accurately controlled by mixing the semiconductor with small amounts of other elements. This mixing is called doping. A semiconductor can be doped to contain more electrons (N-type) or fewer electrons (P-type). Examples of commonly used semiconductors are silicon and germanium. Phosphorous and boron are two elements that are used to dope N-type and P-type silicon, respectively.A transistor is constructed by creating a sandwich of differently doped semiconductor layers. The two most common types of transistors, the bipolar-junction transistor (BJT) and the field-effect transistor (FET)are schematically illustrated in Figure 2.1.This figure shows both the silicon structures of these elements and their graphical symbolic representation as would be seen in a circuit diagram. The BJT shown is an NPN transistor, because it is composed of a sandwich of N-P-N doped silicon. When a small current is injected into the base terminal, a larger current is enabled to flow from the collector to the emitter.The FET shown is an N-channel FET, which is composed of two N-type regions separated by a P-type substrate. When a voltage is applied to the insulated gate terminal, a current is enabled to flow from the drain to the source. It is called N-channel, because the gate voltage induces an N-channel within the substrate, enabling current to flow between the N-regions.Another basic semiconductor structure is a diode, which is formed simply by a junction of N-type and P-type silicon. Diodes act like one-way valves by conducting current only from P to N. Special diodes can be created that emit light when a voltage is applied. Appropriately enough, these components are called light emitting diodes, or LEDs. These small lights are manufactured by the millions and are found in diverse applications from telephones to traffic lights.The resulting small chip of semiconductor material on which a transistor or diode is fabricated can be encased in a small plastic package for protection against damage and contamination from the out-side world.Small wires are connected within this package between thesemiconductor sandwich and pins that protrude from the package to make electrical contact with other parts of the intended circuit. Once you have several discrete transistors, digital logic can be built by directly wiring these components together. The circuit will function, but any substantial amount of digital logic will be very bulky, because several transistors are required to implement each of the various types of logic gates.At the time of the invention of the transistor in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, the only way to assemble multiple transistors into a single circuit was to buy separate discrete transistors and wire them together. In 1959, Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce independently invented a means of fabricating multiple transistors on a single slab of semiconductor material. Their invention would come to be known as the integrated circuit, or IC, which is the foundation of our modern computerized world. An IC is so called because it integrates multiple transistors and diodes onto the same small semiconductor chip. Instead of having to solder individual wires between discrete components, an IC contains many small components that are already wired together in the desired topology to form a circuit.A typical IC, without its plastic or ceramic package, is a square or rectangular silicon die measuring from 2 to 15 mm on an edge. Depending on the level of technology used to manufacture the IC, there may be anywhere from a dozen to tens of millions of individualtransistors on this small chip. This amazing density of electronic components indicates that the transistors and the wires that connect them are extremely small in size. Dimensions on an IC are measured in units of micrometers, with one micrometer (1mm) being one millionth of a meter. To serve as a reference point, a human hair is roughly 100mm in diameter. Some modern ICs contain components and wires that are measured in increments as small as 0.1mm! Each year, researchers and engineers have been finding new ways to steadily reduce these feature sizes to pack more transistors into the same silicon area, as indicated in Figure 2.2.When an IC is designed and fabricated, it generally follows one of two main transistor technologies: bipolar or metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS). Bipolar processes create BJTs, whereas MOS processes create FETs. Bipolar logic was more common before the 1980s, but MOS technologies have since accounted the great majority of digital logic ICs. N-channel FETs are fabricated in an NMOS process, and P-channel FETs are fabricated in a PMOS process. In the 1980s, complementary-MOS, or CMOS, became the dominant process technology and remains so to this day. CMOS ICs incorporate both NMOS and PMOS transistors.集成电路（译文）数字逻辑和电子电路由称为晶体管的电子开关得到它们的（各种）功能。
加油稿英文作文带翻译
加油稿英文作文带翻译英文：When it comes to refueling, there are a few things to keep in mind. First and foremost, always make sure you have enough gas in your tank before setting out on a long journey. Running out of gas on the road can be a major inconvenience, not to mention dangerous.Another thing to consider is where you choose to refuel. While it may be tempting to go for the cheapest gas station, it's important to remember that not all gas is created equal. Some gas stations may use lower-quality fuel, which can damage your engine over time. It's worth it to pay alittle extra for higher-quality gas from a reputable station.When refueling, be sure to turn off your engine and avoid smoking or using your cell phone. Gasoline is highly flammable and can ignite easily, so it's important to takeprecautions.Finally, make sure to keep track of your mileage andfuel efficiency. If you notice that your car is using more gas than usual, it may be a sign that something is wrongwith your engine or that you need to change your driving habits.中文：当涉及到加油时，有几件事情需要记住。
英语演讲稿范文及翻译
英语演讲稿范文及翻译my youth , my dreamwe all want to believe that we are capable of great feats , of reaching our fullest potential .我们相信自己有成就伟业的能力，能发挥出自己最大的潜力。
we need dreams . 我们需要梦想。
they give us a vision of a better future . 它会给我们展现一番更好的前景。
they nourish our spirit ,they represent possibility even then we are dragged down by reality .它能滋养我们的灵魂，梦想代表一种可能性，尽管它会受到现实的羁绊。
they keep us going . 梦想让我们勇往直前。
most successful people are dreamers . 多数成功人士都是梦想家。
dreamers are not content with merelymediocre ,because no one ever dreams of going half way .梦想家不满足于平庸，因为谁都不希望半途而废。
when i was a little girl , i didn’t dream of a life of stryggle and frustration .孩提时，我不曾梦想过自立而充满挫折的生活。
i dreamed of doing something big andsplashy ,something significant .却梦想做一些轰轰烈烈而有意义的大事。
i dreamed big .我梦想成为伟人。
but now , i become realistic . 但是现在，我很现实。
i have a dream that i can have my own firm one day .我有一个梦想，将来的某一天，我能有一个自己的公司。
初中英语简单励志演讲稿带翻译
初中英语简单励志演讲稿带翻译英语不是自己的母语，要演讲起来，肯定不是一件简单的事。
那么你知道学校英语简洁励志演讲稿带翻译怎么写吗?下面是我整理的学校英语简洁励志演讲稿带翻译，欢迎大家阅读共享借鉴。
更多学校英语简洁励志演讲稿带翻译相关内容推举初二英语带翻译演讲稿英语演讲稿带翻译100字英语作文带翻译励志英语句子翻译精选名言名句励志英语带翻译学校英语简洁励志演讲稿带翻译1Everyone has a dream, want to be a police, want to be a teacher, want to be a novelist (I)also have a dream, my dream is to be a scientist.If grow up, I really became a scientist. Ill watch carefully what on earth have ecological changes, etc., the place with bad, invention related equipment.I found that the earth environment is becoming worse. I want to invent a kind of electronic bird. It will suck erosion of heaven in the sky fly dust, make the sky more blue. When birds hopping on the ground, it will suck the ground of garbage, let the air becomes more pure and fresh, as you all know, birds cant swim, but electronic birds can swim, it can put the polluted river has become clean and clear.I also found that the present shortage of resources. I invented a kind of fast forward. It put the resources of rolled to hundreds of years, several thousand years, tens of thousands of years, hundreds of millions of years. But in this period of time, man is not old, resources can be increased.If the invention is not the good earth, I will invent a kind of speed of the spacecraft, the spacecraft is fully automatic. It can automatically search for habitable planets in space and take the human to the planet. The speed of the spacecraft surface is very small. There is only one double bed so big, but can take ten thousand people at a time. Because of the speed of light, the spacecraft compact so it wont hit the rocks. Planet. And it is very fast, as long as 0.0003 seconds per km back and forth. If really can not find a suitable planet. The speed of light, the spacecraft will be turned into a is bigger than the earth planet for people to live, this planet similar to earth. But in fact it has many functions, the inside of the house is the earthquake of flood control. Cutting trees sprout up immediately. Always very clear fresh air, the air is always blue... .These are just my dream. But I hope it can become a reality.每个人都有幻想，想当警察，想当老师，想当小说家……我也有幻想，我的幻想是当科学家。
翻译稿件公司翻译稿件的撰写方法及实例
翻译稿件公司翻译稿件的撰写方法及实例在当今全球化，信息快速流动的社会，越来越多的企业需要翻译公司帮助他们完成各种翻译任务。
翻译稿件的撰写是翻译公司最基本、也是最重要的工作。
本文将详细介绍如何撰写翻译稿件，以及提供一些翻译实例供参考。
一. 确立翻译目的和受众写作之前，需要明确翻译的目的和受众。
是为了商务洽谈、宣传推广、学术研究还是为了政府部门。
确定翻译目的和受众是翻译稿件撰写的基础。
二. 分析原文档和翻译译文在正式撰写之前，需要对原文档和翻译译文进行仔细地分析和比较。
要将原文档和译文进行对照，理解原文档的内容和意图，保持翻译的准确性和一致性，避免主观解释和歧义。
三. 控制篇幅和语言风格写作篇幅中重要的是要控制篇幅，因为翻译稿件通常都是按字数收费，所以要避免增加不必要的篇幅，同时保持翻译的完整性和准确性。
其次，要注意控制语言风格，采用恰当的文字表达方式，确保翻译的准确性和易读性。
四. 保持一致性和流畅性翻译稿件中，保持一致性和流畅性是很重要的。
为了保证翻译文章的一致性，要注意统一使用相同的术语和语言规范。
同时，为了保证翻译文章的流畅性，需要在翻译文章中添加一些连接词和过渡语句，使文章更加连贯。
五. 一些实例翻译稿件的具体要求因翻译内容而异。
下面是一些常见的翻译内容类型的实例：1. 商务洽谈翻译稿件这种类型的翻译稿件通常需要准确地将商务洽谈中的各种信息翻译成另一种语言。
撰写这种类型的翻译稿件时，需要注意语言准确性，特别是数字和关键词。
此外，需要保持礼貌和尊重，注意礼仪和礼节，以尽可能减少误解和不必要的麻烦。
2. 学术研究翻译稿件这种类型的翻译稿件通常需要深入理解其中涉及的学术概念和理论，以确保翻译的正确性和准确性。
此外，英语中有很多学术词汇需要清楚地翻译和解释。
为了确保翻译稿件的准确性，需要常常查阅专业术语和名词翻译字典。
3. 宣传推广翻译稿件这种类型的翻译稿件通常需要考虑到其宣传效果是否明显和到位。
英语稿件范文带翻译
Conclusion
结论
In conclusion, the importance of English in today's globalized world cannot be overstated. Whether it is in business, education, technology, or various other fields, English has become the language of opportunity and success. It is essential for individuals to invest in improving their English language skills, as it can open doors to new opportunities, facilitate cross-cultural communication, and enhance personal and professional growth.
比如，一家希望在全球扩大市场的中国公司依赖英语与其他国家的潜在合作伙伴和客户交流。如果没有良好的英语能力，该公司将难以应对国际商业的复杂性，并可能错失增长和扩张的宝贵机会。
Importance of English in Education
英语在教育中的重要性
English has also become the language of instruction in many educational institutions worldwide. Proficiency in English is crucial for students who wish to pursue higher education abroad, as many prestigious universities and colleges use English as the medium of instruction. Additionally, the majority of academic journals, research papers, and educational resources are also available in English, making it essential for academic and scholarly pursuits.
毕业翻译英文稿
Advanced Life-cycle Analysis of Existing Concrete BridgesAbstract: A complex interdisciplinary approach to the reliability assessment of reinforced concrete structure is introduced and demonstrated on a real existing bridge structure. the reliability, index of the structure decreases during its life cycle due to material degradation .A retrofitting to the desired reliability level should be performed. This procedure is modeled by advanced life-cycle computer simulation. The main feature of the presented approach is the nonlinear finite-element analysis of the structure employed for the realistic assessment of structural behavior. A suitable technique of statistical sampling, which allows a relatively small number of simulations, is used in this context. Analytical deterioration models combined with in situ monitoring are used to launch the degradation process. The presuented methodology for advanced life-cycle analysis is integrated in the innovative decision-making tool that supports maintenance planning of engineering structures.DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:1(9)CE Database subject headings: Structural reliability; Probability; Concrete structures; Nonlinear analysis; Service life; Life cycles; Bridges; concrete.Life-cycle reliability assessment is required for the administration of transport infrastructure network operators. Decision-making tools are used to intercept the degradation and retrofitting process in order to support the maintenance of engineering structures (Frangopol 2000), which can be presented as shown in Fig. 1. Numerous approaches like Bayesian updating, Monte Carlo simulation, and asset management using the multinational genetic algorithm (Furuta et al. 2004) have been used for life-cycle cost analysis. Particular methodologies for the used of probabilistic-based assessment are available and have been proven to work in practice.Nevertheless, in order to perform a complete, realistic life-cycle analysis, a wide spectrum of methods should be used and combined. It must include nonlinear FEM modeling, statistical and reliability techniques, and degradation phenomena modeling. Due to the complexity of this problem, an interdisciplinary approach is required that should also be accomplished by a health monitoring system. Since the stochastic models behind the procedures are rather demanding and time consuming, most of the approaches are commonly based on simplified mechanical models or formulas.The approach used in this contribution differs from the previouslymentioned approaches mainly by the use of nonlinear models describing the real structure. Of interest is the structural reliability, which is validated by an easily understandable concept, where the stochastically obtained structural resistance is compared with expected load distributions. The stochastic structural resistance response requires repeated analyses of the structure with random input parameters to reflect randomness and uncertainties in the input values. A nonlinear computer simulation has to be utilized for the realistic prediction of structural response and the structure's resistance. Final results include: Statistical characteristics of response (stresses, deflections, crack width,etc.), information on dominating and nondominating variables (sensitivity analysis) and estimation of reliability and theoretical failure probability. Due to the fact that nonlinear structural analysis is computationally very demanding, a suitable technique of statistical sampling has to be used in order to allow a relatively small number of simulations. New and/or updated (significantly improved) theoretical statistical and reliability methods, which had to be developed, verified, and implemented to accomplish this claim, can be itemized as follows:●Small-sample simulation of Latin hypercube sampling for bothrandom variables aad random fields;●Statistical correlation using the simulated annealing approach(V orechovsky and Novak 2003);●Small number of random variables to represent random fieldsbased on the spectral decomposition of the covariance matrix;and●Sensitivity analysis based on nonparametric rank-order statisticalcorrelation.The multipurpose probability-based software for statistical sensitivity and reliability analysis of engineering problemsFREET (Novak et al. 2003) is based on the techniques described above. It was combined with the nonlinear FEM techniques toFig. 1. Maintenance-retrofitting processesreduce the computational effort of the presented approach. The approach furthermore permits a direct link between nonlinear degradation models and nonlinear material behavior at the“mesoscale." The overall goal of this approach is more realistic modeling of the structural behavior, and consequently of the health index (e.g., efficient realistic nonlinear modeling of structures), see Fig. 2. All the basic concepts mentioned above are applied to an existing highway concrete bridge, the "Colle Isarco Viaduct," introduced in the following chapters.Structural AnalysisNonlinear finite-element analysis, used for the idealization and processing of the highway concrete bridge, represents a well- established methodology for failure analysis of civil engineering structures in the deterministic sense. Structural concrete is a complex material with strongly nonlinear response even under serviceload conditions.Therefore, the behavior of reinforced concrete structures has to be analyzed by means of correspondingly advanced technology, taking into account all the important material properties and features: Tensile cracking, compressive confinement, reinforcement, including its bond to concrete, etc. One of the most appropriate methodologies for a realistic failure analysis of complex heavy reinforced and prestressed concrete structures like bridges seems to be the smeared mechanics approach. The main features of smeared modeling of reinforced concrete can be outlined as follows:●Damage mechanics, nonlinear fracture mechanics, enhancedplasticity;●Softening in both tension and compression;●Smeared crack approach, crack band method; and●Discrete and smeared reinforcement, bond-slip relationship.For the deterministic modeling of the highway concrete bridge "Colle Isarco Viaduct;" the nonlinear finite-element softwareA TENA was used, which implements the above-mentioned features.图2Fig. 2. Essential components for realistic structure assessmentIt is a tool widely used in practice for realistic computer simulations and predictions of damage and failure of concrete and reinforced concrete structures (Cervenka et al. 2005).Beside the implemented advanced nonlinear technologies (eg., realistic nonlinear constitutive models), further benefits of this tool include traceability of the structural response under loading and environmental actions to the point of structural failure and its various input options. It enables us to calculate the realistic structural behavior under service load [serviceability limit states (SLSs)] as well as the load carrying capacity of the structure [ultimate limit states (ULSs)]. Furthermore, this appliance allows the initiation of deterministic concrete properties (characteristic values, variety of adjustable parameters) according to the compressive strength, the definition of the geometry of the structure in a CAD-like graphical environment supported by automatic mesh generators, and the implementation of discrete reinforcement bars or prestressing cables fully independently on the basic finite-element mesh. The finally discretized model can be subjected to appropriate boundary conditions and various actions:Body forces, shrinkage, prestressing, nodal or linear forces, prescribed deformations, and temperature. The loading actions haveto be applied in the form of incremental steps. The incremental steps are iteratively solved using advanced solution methods (modified Newton-Raphson, arc-length or line-search methods),maintaining energetic convergence criteria. Observation points or "monitoring points" freely arranged at the model, serve for recording the evolution of deflections, forces, reactions, stresses, strains, crack growth, etc., which are consequently the basic elements for a reliability analysis. The load-deflection response as well as the crack growth and the crack pattern can be traced already during analysis.Each completed nonlinear analysis of a model provides in the monitoring points single realizations concerning the structural response, the stress-strain state (at each increment accessible), and the ultimate load, which is required for statistical assessment.Degradation ModelingDeterioration can be described through a variety of analytical models, whose main difference lies in their complexity and in the number of input parameters necessary. Models describing the carbonation process of concrete, as well as chloride ingress and corrosion of mild and prestressed steels, are available in Papadakis et al. (1992), fib Model Code 2005. In the first step, these mainly local oriented concepts on a physical basis were intended to be included in the life-cycle approach. Since the implementation of this nonlinear consideration to a large structure wasexpensive (computational, data ascertainment in nature), the degradation modeling of the example at hand was performed with a simplifiedtime-to-failure measurement.For a constant failure rate, the exponential distribution is often used as a model of time-to-failure measurements. For engineering structures, where the failure rate varias over time,the Weibull distribution in combination with reliability assessments at particular time points is suitable for degradation statements and, in consequence, life time statements.The Weibull distribution is defined as:Ax)=rlbx(xib)}0-nxel-araha, f. osr<}, b>o, a>o;公式where b=scale parameter; c=shape parameter, and e=base of the natural logarithm.For engineering structures, f(x) can be seen as the health indexß(t) varying over the time t. Selective results ß(t1)…ß(t n) from simulations according to inspection knowledge permit to adapt图三Fig. 3. Concept of reliability assessmentThe parameters b and c. These parameters are continually updatedby further simulations and actual inspection results.Reliability AnalysisStructural responses obtained from randomized nonlinear FEManalysis, together with sophisticated degradation models, are the basis for a rational life time analysis. The reliability analysis, part of the life time analysis, itself has to be based on a time-saving advanced Monte Carlo method to allow the handling of nonlinear problems. The reliability analysis procedure (see Fig. 3) applied to the "Cone Isarco Viaduct" comprises this feature and can be itemized as follows:1. Preparation and check of the deterministic model within thenonlinear FEM Code2. Assignment of probability density functions (pdf) to theinput quantities according to nature uncertainties and information uncertainties. The probability density functions aredescribed by statistical moments3. Creation of a set of realizations for each input quantity of theFEM model regarding the assigned pdfs with an advancedMonte Canto method, the Latin hypercube sampling (LHS)method. A prescribed correlation between the input quantitiesis assured by applying the simulated annealing algorithm tothe realizations.4. The sorted realizations (sorted by simulated annealing) are,sequentially transferred to the nonlinear FEM model andprocessed. For each sequential realization set, a structuralresponse is obtained. The complete sequential transfer,adherent with repeated simulations, results in a bundle ofstructural responses.5. Selected data (monitoring points) of the structural responses are consequently submitted to statistical evaluation. The statistical evaluation leads to: Histograms，mean values, variances, and coefficient of skewness. The deducible empirical cumulative probability density functions from the histogram of the structural response, together with pdfs of actions are the basis for the reliability index assessment.6. The sensitivity analysis, based on Kendall's tau rank order algorithm, demonstrates the relation between input quantities and structural response.This reliability analysis reflects the current health condition of a structure. Including monitoring data (permanent or temporary) in the reliability analysis, especially the change of the probability density functions (pdf) of input quantities in time, extends the concept to a time-dependent health condition. The achieved discrete sampling points, in combination with the Weibull distribution, allow assessing the severity of the degradation process and the remaining life time.The change of input quantities can also rely on sophisticated physical degradation models as mentioned above. While these models are well conditioned, they suffer from insufficient available environmental data.In general, both approaches are used for retrofitting measurements and, consequently, lifetime planning. For the example at hand, the first approach, based on monitoring data, was favored because of the lacking environmental parameters and the lower number of necessary input quantities. The previous described procedure is implemented in the integrated software system SARA(safety analysis and reliability analysis), which was developed in the course of a project called "Structure Analysis and Reliability Assessment.”Theoretical BackgroundThe Latin hypercube sampling technique allows the reduction of the number of necessary samples to reach a certain level of confidence. This is a fundamental requirement when nonlinear FE models have to be computed repeatedly, as is the case in the SARA package.In LHS (McKay et al. 1979), the sample space of each random variable is divided in m intervals, and one sample is used from each of these intervals. The samples are generated by creating (1) a matrix P(n x k), in which each of the k columns is a permutation of 1,…,n, where n=number of samples, and k=number of random variables; and (2) a matrix R(n X k) of independent random numbers, uniformly distributed between 0 and 1. These numbers can be generated using a pseudorandom generator, similar to that proposed in Press (1992). The samples are described by matrix S asS=n 1(P-R) (1) Each element of S is then transformed to the respective element of the marginal distribution X as follows:)(1ij x j i s F x j -= (2)Where F -1xj = inverse cumulative distribution of random variable x j . Each vector x i represents one sample. Despite this basic formulation, it has been proved that the best LHS strategy, which simulates the means and variances very well, is the approach suggested by Keramat and Kielbasa (1997) and Huntington and Lyrintzis (1998). The mean of each interval should be chosen as(Fig. 4)⎰⎰⎰---⋅=⋅=k i k i k i k i k i k i y y i Simy y i y y i k i dx x f x N dx x f dx x f x x ,1,,1,,1,)()()(, (3)Where f i =pdf of the variable X i , and the integration limits are)(1,Sim i k i N kF y -= (4)The estimated mean value is achieved accurately and the variance of the sample set is much closer to the target one.Imposing Statistical CorrelationOnce the samples are generated, the correlation structure according to the target correlation matrix must be taken into account.The columns in the LHS simulation plan should be rearranged in such a way that they may fulfill the following two requirements:图四To diminish the undesired random correlation and to introduce the prescribed correlation. It can be done by using different techniques published in literature on LHS (Hundngton and Lyrintzis 1998; Imam and Conover 1980). A further robust technique to impose a statistical correlation based on the stochastic method of optimization called simulated annealing has been proposed recently by V orechovsky and Novdk (2003). The difference between the prescribed K and the generated S correlation matrices should be as small as possible, similar to an optimization problem. A suitable measure of quality of the overall statistical properties can be introduced, e.g., a norm that utilizes the deviations of all correlation coefficients∑∑-=+=-=112,,)(V VN i N i j j i j i overall K SE (5)The norm E has to be minimized from the point of view of the definition of the optimization problem using simulated annealing optimization approach, N V random variables realizations are related to the ordering in the sampling scheme.Sensitivity AnalysisTo determine the significance of random variables with respect tothe small-sample simulation techniques described above, the straightforward and simple approach uses the nonparametric rank-order statistic correlation between the basic random variables and the structuralresponse variable (Iman and Conover 1980,Novak et al.2003).Finite-Element AnalysisThe n number of samples expressed by the above-mentioned vectors x i serves as inputs for the n times necessary nonlinear FE analyses.The structural model in the finite-element analysis is characterized by the stiffness matrix K[Eq.(6)] that integrates both geometrical [Eq. (7)] and material [Eq. (8)] conditions公式678In the equations above, u=nodal displacements,ε=strains,and σ=stresses;B and D are geometrical and material matrices.In the stochastic analysis, components of the matrices B and D combine deterministic structural properties with the randomly generated values. In the linear FE analysis, the equilibrium condition [Eq. (9)]is solvedK.u=p (9) where p=external loading forces. Consequently, displacements (deflections), stains, and stresses in the structural model are evaluated. Nonlinear SolutionIn the nonlinear analysis, the components of the matrices B and Dcan change during the loading process and there is consequent structural deformation and damage. In particular, nonlinear materiallaws are applied口二八o",.) V (10) that describe material behavior and damage (nonlinear fracture for concrete in tension, plasticity for concrete in compression or for reinforcement, etc.). The material matrix depends on the stress-strain state in the structureD=D(o,e)了(11) and the stiffness matrix changes during the solution. The equilibrium condition is solved for each loading increment ∆p with appropriate incremental stiffness matrix K I(e.g., tangential)K i△u=∆p (12) An iterative procedure must be applied for each load increment to minimize the difference between the linear prediction and equilibrium nonlinear state, i.e., to minimize unbalanced residual forces. Nonlinear solution algorithms implemented in A TENA for solving this task are the Newton-Raphson method and the arc-length method.The classical Newton-Raphson method is described by the equationK(u) Du二P一f(u) (13) where: p=vector of total applied joint loads, f(u)=vector of internal joint forces, ∆u=deformation increment due to loading increment; u=deformations of structure prior to load increment; and K(u)=stiffness matrix, relating loading increments to deformation increments.The right-hand side of Eq. (13) represents out-of-balance forces during the load increment.The arc-length method is a well established solving method for both geometric and material nonlinear problems. It can be expressed asK加)Au=k P一f(.)、/ (14) where =scaling factor for the load increment. Scaling (decreasing) of load enables to trace the model response also during softening due to structural damage.After matching, a converged solution structural response is evaluated. Beyond the usual previously-mentioned results (deflections, stains, stresses)，nonlinear effects such as concrete cracking or reinforcement yielding can be traced in the nonlinear analysis. They can be stochastically evaluated in case of random inputs. Although the implemented iterative solution algorithms are rather efficient, the above-described nonlinear solving procedure is numerically extremely demanding and time consuming, thus, the number of samples must be limited to a reasonable number. Therefore, stratified sampling based on the LHS method (as described in the previous section) is used for randomization of the nonlinear finite-element solution.图5Fig. 5. Side elevation of the bridge from the westApplication ExampleDeterministic ModelThe goal of the stochastic fracture analysis for the Colle lsarco Viaduct was to estimate the reliability of the structure and to show the efficiency of the procedures used by SARA. A detailed statistical failure simulation and reliability assessment of the existing bridge structure was performed. The Colle Isarco Viaduct is a cantilever beam bridge in Italy with a total length of 1,000 m. Built in 1969, it is a fully posttensioned box-girder bridge and is part of the Brenner Highway in Italy. Several objects of this type are found in the two separated lanes that form this bottleneck crossing the Alps.GeometryThe northern cast-in-place balanced cantilever beams ate the most sensitive elements of bridge systems. Therefore, these elements, with varying box girder depths, have been chosen for the analyses. The total length of the beams is 167.5 m. They are subdivided by the midspan with a length of 91 m and the cantilever beams with a length of 59 m and 17.5 m; see Fig. 5. The lane slab has a width of 10.60 m and the lower girder slab a width of 6.00 m. Both of them have a thickness of about 0.20 m. The height of the box girder varies from 10.80 m over the middle support to 2.85 m at the end of the cantilever beams. A summary of the geometric data used for the analysis is given in Table 1.Table 1. Deterministic Geometric Data Used for the AnalysisFig. 6. Uniaxial stress-strain law for concreteFinite-element modelThe finite-element model was built in A TENA by using the previously-mentioned geometric data. The basic assumption of the constitutive model SBETA used is that the formulation of constitutive relations is based on the plan stress state.A smeared approach is used to model the material properties, such as cracks or distributed reinforcement. This means that material properties defined for a material point are valid within a certain material volume, which is associated with the entire finite element. The material model SBETA includes the following effects of concrete behavior: Nonlinear behavior in compression, including hardening and softening, fracture of concrete in tension based on the nonlinear fracture mechanics, biaxial strength failure criterion, reduction of compressive strength after cracking, tension stiffening effect, reduction of the shear stiffness after cracking (variable shear retention), and two crack models, fixed crack direction and rotated crack direction. A perfect bond between concrete and reinforcement is assumed within the smeared concept. The material matrix is derived using the nonlinear elastic approach. In this approach, the elastic constants are derived from a stress-strain function called the equivalent uniaxial law. This approach is similar to the nonlinear hypoelastic constitutive model, except thatdifferent laws are used for loading and unloading, causing the dissipation of energy consumed for the damage of material (Chen and Saleeb 1982). This approach can also be regarded as an isotropic damage model, with an unloading modulus representing the damage modulus.The peak values of stress in compression f efc and in tension f eft(see Fig. 6) are calculated according to the biaxial stress state. Thus, the equivalent uniaxial stress-strain law reflects the biaxial stress state. The numbers shown in Fig. 6 (material state numbers) are used in the results of the analysis to indicate the state of damage of concrete. More details about the concepts used regarding the calculation of the elastic modulus for the material stiffness matrices, the concrete tension before cracking-after cracking (Hordijk 1991), the compression before peak, compression after peak stress (V an Mier 1986), about the crack band theory (Bazant and Oh 1983), the process of crack formati on, the biaxial stressFig. 7. Monitoring points+FEM-discretized structureTable2.Location of the Essential Monitoring Pointsfailure criterion of concrete (Kupfer et al. 1969), the smeared-cracks model and the compressive strength of cracked concrete can be found in Cervenka et al. (2005). Reinforcement in both forms, smeared and discrete, is in the uniaxial stress state, and its constitutive law is amultilinear stress-strain law. For the discretization of the structure, 2D-quadrilaterals CCIsoQQuad elements have been chosen. The maximum element size of 0.1 m of the two-dimensional mesh resulting in a total number of 5,682 elements with 24,478 nodes; see Fig. 7. The elements could be grouped in 38 macroelements by considering elements with similar material and geometrical qualities. This grouping permits an efficient calculation process. A more detailed description of the grouping process can be found in Strauss (unpublished report,2005).Load CasesA structure is exposed to numerous actions. The groups of load cases examined for this structure were dead loads, prestressing loads, traffic loads, and the boundary conditions. In addition to the dead load of the box girder, the dead loads of the neighboring suspended spans were taken into account (pro rata).The traffic loads acting on the neighboring suspended span were treated in the same way as the dead loads. The traffic loads were modeled as continuous distributed loads with a magnitude of 10 kN/m. Acting downwards on the pavement of the box girder,these loads were incrementally increased until failure. To find the smallest load capacity, this procedure was performed for different located line loads along the longitudinal axis of the bridge.The uniform load along the entire girder was identified as relevantload case for the smallest load capacity. The load case prestressing is given by 211 bar cable elements with a diameter of 32 mm of type 850/970. Taking into account wedge slip shrinkage, and creep, only 80% of the yield strength is activated. The configuration of the beating ensured a statically determined support of the girder. The assigned boundary conditions were the vertical and horizontal DOF at pier 9 and the vertical DOF at pier 10.Measurements In Situ and at the ModelThe measurements of selected values-monitoring points placed on the structure-allow the verification of the service ability level and the ultimate limit level of the structure; see Fig. 7. The monitoring points were located along the structure in agreement with sensors already mounted on the structure. A monitoring program has been in operation at this structure for more than three year (Santa 2004). During the simulation process, for each incremental increase of the line load, the monitoring points recorded the structural response--mainly the vertical deflection. Furthermore, monitoring point M6 serves as the sensing element for the applied force, which was used for the validation of the ultimate limit strength of the structure. Table 2 gives detailed information about the locations of the essential monitoring points.Probabilistic AnalysisStochastic ModelsMaterial properties, e.g., geometrical properties, are subject to uncertainties. These uncertainties can be caused by natural influences, such as different aggregate densities of concrete or varying production conditions. The concept allows taking into account both geometrical and material scattering by pdfs. The pdfs of the essential parameters of this structure are included by the first two statistical moments and the distribution type, see Table 3. For the structure discussed at hand, only material parameters were randomized. The scattering of materials used in the structure was derived from the original production control of the "Colle Isarco Viaduct," from independent structural material inquiries (Strauss et al. 2004) and recommendations by fib. Material structural inquiries (concrete, different kinds of steel, carbon fiber materials, etc.) and formulations by CEB, RILEM, etc. serve for the creation of a database of stochastic material properties. This database supports the user within SARA. The used mean values, coefficient of variations, and suitable pdfs of the concrete properties and steel properties (SBETA material, already described above) are presented in Table 3. The prestressing steel and the reinforcement were modeled multilinearly to capture the breakdown by exceeding a certain elongation, see Fig. 8. The reinforcement of the whole structure could be modeled within a smeared approach regarding the ratio of Table 3。
英语翻译稿件
中译英：1.e to the whold, e to the future.e to the World is a high-end intelligent business park constructed by Shanghai Sanyin Group in West Hongqiao district, focusing on modern high-tech and service industry such as e-commerce, IT outsourcing, Internet of Things services, cultural innovation,etc.e to the World relies on West Hongqiao gold hub, gathering leading industries, combining the surrounding superior business resources, making full use of priority strategy, to build the flagship brand with excellent reputation. It provides efficient and comfortable business environment for enterprises to adapt to their future development, meanwhile, it serves as a stimulus to speed up Shanghai service industry.2.5.3 Preparation before oxygen measuring5.3.1 Professional oxygen surveyors check and calibrate oxygen measuring instrument to ensure its accuracy and reliability.5.3.2 Look into the situation of workplace, such as ventilation condition, airtight time and operation condition. Design department or oxygen measuring department is required to offer capacity plan when necessary.5.3.3 When Flammable and explosive gases like various chemicals and organic gas exist around, they should be measured before oxygen measuring.5.3.4 Staff care must be implemented.5.4 Procedure of oxygen measuring5.4.1 If the staff need to enter departments in the sections listed in 5.2, they must submit written application forms for oxygen measuring.5.4.2 After receiving application form for oxygen measuring, Security and Environment department should appoint professional personnel to conduct oxygen measuring. The personnel should make preparation beforehand.5.4.3 If oxygen concentration is measured above 18 percent (18 included), oxygen content is qualified, people are allowed to work here.5.4.4 If oxygen concentration is measured below 18 percent, the workplace is in oxygen deficit, effective measures must be taken before any operation start.5.4.5 While measuring, the staff must at least choose 3 point in the order of up, middle and low, which should be dead angle or blind zone with insufficient ventilation.5.4.6 Set the minimum in the measuring point as the recorded value. Ifoxygen concentration is measured below 18 percent, continue measuring after relevant protective measures.5.4.7 The Security and Environment department sends a written notice to application department and puts forward rectification measures. Then the application department or officers concerned make coordination and implement the resolutions. Keep on oxygen measurement until the oxygen content is qualified before any operations begin.英译中：1.星火避雷器清洗参照表3进行定期维护。
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通过对句子进行结构分析，理清句子的主干和修饰成分，采用分译、合译等方法，将长难句转化为易于理解和翻译的短句。
英语演讲稿3分钟带翻译（精选17篇）
英语演讲稿3分钟带翻译（精选17篇）英语3分钟带翻译篇1No thought exactly, exactly when to start, has set foot on the road of youth, young no longer time, started the different thoughts and mood. More moment of time, water out eventually must stop, forever all, no longer believe that anything is immortal.For a long time, we are always in the wandering and hesitation, the fork in the road of life, can not find the way forward, have no one to give you direction, pain, sorrow, to follow. We sighed with emotion, always feel that, because of youth, life becomes muddy; Because of the youth, we become decadent disconsolate. Because of the youth, we couldn't see the future.However, should not is the youth.Youth is the pronoun of surging blood, is permeated with enthusiasm, is hard work, try is endless. Youth is amenable to hone but can't afford to spend, withstand development but can't afford to waste. All day long malaise, the eyes see is decadent, what's the point? More complaints, discontent, and can change what? Just can make oneself feel living very tired very heavy, and then again the complaints, discontent, so, a vicious cycle.In fact, we are young, what is impossible! Had so many dreams, is this in this great good youth, to strive, to strive, to an opportunity to achieve all you want. As long as bravely forward, efforts to pay, even if to finally failed to gain what you want, in the process of experience have you enough to treasure memories.Youth, give you, my life only once, prime not heavy, once a day morning, when encouraged in time, time and tide wait for no man. Is most worthy of being highly treasure the value of each and every day, grasp today, grasp tomorrow, welcome the firstray of sunshine every day. Youth time is priceless, every minute counts.Most of the time will feel tired, helpless, not a lot of passion. Whether because our heart is no longer young, everything is see through? No, dominate the world is you, give up the world is still you. Haze weather mood diary or beautiful, are you in writing.Perhaps, in this materialistic, false prosperity of society, do you want to just flatly light life, "otherwise, serene life", do not want to pursue in the repeated, do an ordinary person. We can't go too one-sided evaluation says this is right or wrong, but ordinary doesn't mean mediocrity. We can be ordinary, but can not mediocrity.Once, many years later, when to do, say, always feel that is so childish. Young ignorance, is the young dream, the wasted years filled with youthful dribs and drabs. May be sad, may be sad. Want to say is, do not experience wind and rain, how see rainbow; Want to say is, don't give up, want to stay more has also is the scenery along the way. Want to say is, no matter what, all is the past, no need to go to with grief.One day we will enter the adult, in the way of youth away. But please don't be sad, because leave is for better memories. Someone once said "life is like a one-way ticket to no return, no rehearsals, every game is live. Grasp every performance is the best to cherish life." When we looking back again, can say proudly: when we were young, we had struggled, and burned. Without regret to face yourself, face the future, never have regret!没有确切地想过，到底是从何时开始，就已经踏上了青春的道路，年少的时光不再，开始了另一番的思想与心境。
毕业论文翻译稿件【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目：对于E类型的简单生产线平衡问题的解决过程学院: 机械自动化专业: 工业工程学号: 201003166078学生姓名：谭柱森指导教师: 李颖日期: 二○一四年五月A solution procedure for type E simple assembly linebalancing problemNai—Chieh Wei , I-Ming ChaoIndustrial Engineering and Management，I—Shou University，No. 1，Section 1, Syuecheng Rd. Dashu District, KaohsiungCity 84001，Taiwan, ROC.对于E类型的简单生产线平衡问题的解决过程Nai-Chieh Wei , I-Ming Chao工业工程与管理，中华人民共和国，台湾省，高雄市，Syuecheng Rd。
Dashu街一号，义守大学，第一章第一节摘要本文提出了结合SALBP—1和SALBP-2的E型简单装配线平衡问题（SALBP—E），更多的,本研究为提出的模型提供了解决方法。
提出的模型在最小化空闲时间的同时优化装配线平衡率，为管理实践提供了更好的理解,计算结果表明：给出周期的上限ct以后,提出的模型可以最优的解决问题，因为它含有最少的变量,约max束和计算时间。
1前言从研究者第一次讨论装配线平衡问题以来，大约有50年了，在众多有关生产线平衡问题中,最基本的是简单装配线平衡问题，早在1954年，Bryton就定义并且研究了生产线平衡问题。
后一年，Salverson建立了第一个生产线平衡的数学模型并提出了定性的解决步骤,这引来了很大的兴趣，在Gutjahr 和Nemhauser说明生产线平衡是一种NP组合优化难题，大多数研究者希望开发一种能高效解决多种装配线问题的方法。
在随后的几年,生产线平衡成为了一个流行的主题，Kim，Kim，and Kim （1996）把生产线平衡分为五类问题，其中的问题1（SALBP —1）和问题Ⅱ（SALBP—Ⅱ)是两种基本的优化问题。
英语演讲稿文章及翻译5篇
英语演讲稿文章及翻译5篇演讲稿并不能独立地完成演讲任务，它只是演讲的一个文字依据，是整个演讲活动的一个组成部分。
演讲主体、听众对象、特定的时空条件，共同构成了演讲活动的整体。
下面是小编整理的英语演讲稿文章，欢迎大家阅读分享借鉴。
英语演讲稿文章1“We are reading the first verse of the first chapter of a book whose pages are infinite…”I do not know who wrote those words, but I have always liked them as a reminder that the future can be anything we want to make it. We can take the mysterious, hazy future and carve out of it anythingthat we can imagine, just as a sculptor carves a statue from a shapeless stone.We are all in the position of the farmer. If we plant a good seed, we reap a good harvest. If our seed is poor and full of weeds, we reap a useless crop. If we plant nothing at all, we harvest nothing at all.I want the fut ure to be better than the past. I don’t want it contaminated by the mistakes and errors with which history is filled. We should all be concerned about the future because that is where we will spend the remainder of our lives.The past is gone and static. Nothing we can do will change it. The future is before us and dynamic. Everything we do will affect it. Each day brings with it new frontiers, in our homes and in our business, if we only recognize them. We are just at the beginning of the progress in every field of human endeavor.“我们正在读一本书的第一章第一行，这本书的页数是无限的……”我不知道是谁写的，可我很喜欢这句话，它提醒我们未来是由自己创造的。
英文翻译稿
Implementation Arrangements of HaJia Railway Project Project Institutional and Implementation ArrangementsI. Project Administration MechanismsThis project follows the implementation arrangement model that has already been successfully used for the ShiZheng, NanGuang and GuiGuang railway projects.As with past World Bank financed railway projects, the Ministry of Railway s (MOR) through its Foreign Capital and Technical Import Center (FCTIC) will be responsible for: (i) overseeing the project implementation including monitoring, reporting, and compliance with safeguards; (ii) financial management of the World Bank loan, including disbursement and reporting; and (iii) all World Bank financed procurement with the support of an independent procurement company. FCTIC will provide implementation progress reports every half year. The World Bank will also supervise this project closely through half yearly supervision missions.The Ministry of Railways formed a Preparatory Group (PG) for the HaJia Passenger Dedicated Railway Line Company on September 4, 2009, staffed primarily by the Ministry of Railways’ regional Harbin Railway Administration. The Preparatory Group, led by the Harbin Railway Administration, is tasked with the day to day responsibility for the railway line construction. This includes the procurement, management and supervision of all contracts for non-World Bank funded civil works, installation of goods and equipment funded by the World Bank loan through contractors, coordination with the Heilongjiang provincial government and local government entities responsible for resettlement and land acquisition and transfer of funds to that end to local authorities, monitoring of project progress, as well as reporting to the Ministry of Railways on physical progress, safeguards and financial management.The Preparatory Group will manage the procurement of non-World Bank funded contracts using the well-defined standards and procedures established by the Ministry of Railways for the construction of such railway lines. Goods procured by FCTIC will be delivered to the Preparatory Group and its contractors for installation. For reporting, FCTIC will draw on inputs from the Preparatory Group.A project company, the HaJia Passenger Dedicated Railway Line Company (HRC), is expected to be formed for the construction and management of the line as a successor to the Preparatory Group. The controlling share of the company will be held through an investment arm by the Ministry of Railways. The other major shareholder is expected to be the Province of Heilongjiang through a provincial investment body. The percentage of shares will be provisionally defined based on the project cost estimates for constructionand land acquisition contributed by the Ministry of Railways and the Province respectively, and will be adjusted based on actual equity contributions.The establishment of such special purpose entities is common in the railway sector, where the Ministry of Railways oversees over 120 similar companies. Those companies strictly follow well-established technical standards and directives from the Ministry, which regulate the construction and management of such lines. The Ministry plays a control role in terms of planning, standards, management and acceptance of works. As per previous projects, some of the specific features of this joint venture are yet to be decided, including who will own the rolling stock, how it will be operated and how the interfaces will be managed. Once the HaJia Railway Company is formed, it is expected that, as in the past, staff from the Preparatory Group will be transferred to the new company, occupying similar roles and functions. The HRC will then take over all the Preparatory Group’s responsibilities. Because of this, all references in the World Bank’sproject-related documents to the Preparatory Group will become references to HRC upon its establishment.The Preparatory Group will monitor the implementation of safeguards with the support of independent environment and resettlement and land acquisition monitoring consultants. Land acquisition, resettlement and construction may commence shortly after appraisal. Though the procurement of the World Bank financed goods and equipment will not start until about two years after loan signing (the World Bank does not finance civil works), the World Bank’s task team will carry out supervision activities together with FCTIC to ensure that implementation proceeds in accordance with agreements reached during project preparation.As per other railway projects supported by the World Bank, the Ministry of Railways will continue to carry the legal responsibility for implementation, as the main shareholder in HRC, and provide additional support to HRC whenever needed. There is little risk to implementation even if construction starts before the specific company details are settled. When the project company is formed, the World Bank will confirm that the project company meets, at a minimum, the capacity of the Preparatory Group currently in place.Reporting: The Ministry of Railways will monitor and evaluate the progress of the project on a six-monthly basis. The Ministry, through FCTIC, will prepare by February 15 and August 15 of each year (starting August 15, 2011 and until completion of the project), a project progress report, reporting on the overall project progress, on any significant changes or challenges, and on performance indicators. The report will include as annexes the progress report for the Ministry of Railways prepared by the Preparatory Group, the environmental report and the resettlement report.II. Financial Management, Disbursements and Procurementa.Financial ManagementThe FM capacity assessment identified the following principal risk: the project financial staffs in the Preparatory Group are assigned from Harbin Railway Bureau, which has not managed World Bank- financed projects before.Mitigation measures agreed include: (a) World Bank loan proceeds will be exclusively managed by FCTIC who is familiar with World Bank operations; (b) a project Financial Management Manual (FMM) will be issued to standardize the FM and disbursement procedures; and (c) some training will be provided to the project financial staff in the Preparatory Group to furnish them the necessary knowledge in managing WorldBank-financed operations.The overall pre-mitigation FM risk has been assessed as “Moderate” andpost-mitigation has been assessed as “Low”.Budgeting: Counterpart funding represents the vast majority of project funding (over 95 percent). It consists of shareholders’ contributions and domestic loans. Shareholders’ contributions include funds from the Ministry of Railways as well as funds and land from the Heilongjiang provincial g overnment. The shareholders’ contributions will be reflected as equity contributions in the HaJia Railway Company upon its establishment. Domestic loans will be mobilized by the Finance Department of the Ministry of Railways. In accordance with the project implementation plan and construction progress, the Preparatory Group will prepare an annual investment budget. This budget will be reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Railways’ Finance Department and FCTIC. Based on the approved budget, the Preparatory Group and upon its incorporation the HaJia Railway Company will receive government appropriations and domestic loans mobilized by the Ministry of Railways. For budget variances arising during execution, necessary authorization and close monitoring should be by the company. Timely and accurate information on variances should be used as the basis for mid-term adjustments.Flow of Funds: The World Bank loan proceeds will flow from the World Bank into a project designated account to be set up at and managed by FCTIC. The loan proceeds will either be disbursed from the World Bank to contractors directly based on withdrawal applications, or through the designated account managed by FCTIC.Accounting and Financial Reporting: The administration, accounting and reporting of the project will be set up in accordance with Circular #13: “Accounting Regulations f or World Bank Financed Projects,” issued in January 2000 by the Ministry of Finance.Both FCTIC and the Preparatory Group will be managing, monitoring and maintaining respective project accounting records and retaining original supporting documents. The Preparatory Group will prepare the project financial statements on its implemented project activities, which will then be used by FCTIC for preparing consolidated project financial statements (following the format in accordance with the aforementioned Circular #13 agreed with the Ministry of Finance) for annual reporting. As part of the progress report, no later than 45 days following each calendar year semi-annual period (the due dates will be August 15th and February 15th), the FCTIC will prepare interimfinancial reports (IFRs) to report the usage of loan proceeds in the form and substance satisfactory to the World Bank.Internal Control: The policy, procedures and regulations applicable to the accounting of the project have already been issued and are in use by the Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Railways. In addition, a financial management manual used for all World Bank financed railway projects will be distributed to all project financial staff to enable alignment with the World Bank’s financial ma nagement and disbursement requirements. The Ministry of Railways has its own internal inspection division. This division will operate as the internal auditor for this project and will conduct compliance and transaction-oriented examinations on a regular basis.Audit: The Audit Service Center for Foreign Loan and Assistance Projects (ASC) of the China National Audit Office (CNAO) and the CNAO’s resident office in Harbin willaudit the project. One consolidated annual audit report, encompassing all project related activities, will be issued in the name of ASC and will be due to the World Bank within 6 months after the end of each calendar year.b. DisbursementsDisbursement Arrangements: Four disbursement methods will be available for the project: advance, reimbursement, direct payment and special commitment. Supporting documents required for the different disbursement methods will be documented in the Disbursement Letter issued by the World Bank. A designated account denominated in US dollar will be opened at a commercial World Bank acceptable to the World Bank and will be managed by FCTIC.The World Bank loan would be disbursed against eligible expenditures (including taxes) as in the following table.Table A: Disbursement ArrangementsofLoan(in2. Front-end Fee 0.75Total 300.00c.ProcurementThe overall project risk for procurement is assessed as moderate.The key issue and risk concerning procurement for implementation of the project is the possible influence of domestic procurement practice. In view of these risks, the followingactions will take place during implementation: (i) provision of training to FCTIC on procurement procedures of World Bank financed projects; (ii) where necessary, early procurement support missions by the World Bank’s procurement specialist; (iii) annual field procurement supervision missions to review procurement actions.General Procurement for the proposed project would be carried out in accordance with the World Bank’s "Guidelines: Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits" dated May 2004, revised in October 2006 and May 2010; and "Guidelines: Selection and Employment of Consultants by World Bank Borrowers" dated May 2004, revised in October 2006 and May 2010, and the provisions stipulated in the legal agreements. The various items under different expenditure categories are described in general below. For each contract to be financed by the Loan, the different procurement methods or consultant selection methods, the need for pre-qualification, estimated costs, prior review requirements, and time frame will be agreed between the Borrower and the World Bank in the Procurement Plan during appraisal. The Procurement Plan will be updated annually or as required to reflect the actual project implementation needs and improvement in institutional capacity.Only two types of procurement are foreseen:Procurement of Goods: Goods procured under this project will include: goods for the communication, signaling, and electrification system, operation and maintenance equipment, and rails, beams, bearings, and other materials required for the proposed HaJia Railway Project. The procurement will be undertaken using the World Bank’s Sample Bidding Documents for all International Competitive Bidding (ICB) and the Chinese Model Bidding Documents, agreed with or satisfactory to the World Bank, for all National Competitive Bidding.Selection of Consultants: Consultant services provided by firms and individuals for the project will be identified during implementation. An amount of US$300,000 is tentatively allocated to consultant services and an overseas training and study tour. Short lists of consultants for services estimated to cost less than US$300,000 or equivalent per contract may be composed entirely of national consultants in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2.7 of the World Bank’s Consultant Guidelines. Select consultant services may be carried out by universities and government research institutions.Procurement Plan: FCTIC will develop a Procurement Plan for project implementation, which provides the basis for the procurement methods. This plan will be agreed between the Borrower and the Project Team at appraisal and will be available at FCTIC’s office. It will also be available in the project’s database and on the World Bank’s external website. The Procurement Plan will be updated in agreement with the Project Team annually or as required to reflect the actual project implementation needs and improvements in institutional capacity.Table B: Details of the Thresholds for Procurement Methods and Prior ReviewThresholds for Procurement MethodsGoods <=US$100,000 ShoppingConsultant Services<=US$200,000 CQS <=US$100,000 SSSThresholds for Prior ReviewGoods>=US$500,000The first NCB contract irrespective of contractsumPrior ReviewConsultant Services Consultant firm selection>=US$100,000Prior Review All SSS contracts (either firm or individual)Prior ReviewAll individual consultantselection >=US$50,000Prior ReviewNCB=National Competitive Bidding; CQS= Consultants’ Qualifications;SSS=Single Source Selection.III. Environmental and SocialEnvironmental Impacts: The project is anticipated to have positive benefits in terms of mobility and accessibility in the project region, facilitation of passenger and freight travel and regional economic and social development. Due to the large scale of civil works and project characteristics, the project has the potential to cause substantial social and environmental impacts, which have been thoroughly assessed and can be adequately avoided, minimized and/or mitigated with measures developed in the project Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). Manageable adverse impacts are primarily related to: (i) crossing sensitive sites such as a water resource protection area; (ii) community impacts such as land acquisition and resettlement; (iii) noise, dust, soil erosion and social disturbance during construction; (iv) noise, safety issues and loss of community connectivity during operation.Social Impacts: The project resettlement planning indicates that the land acquisition and resettlement happens in six counties and districts in two municipalities. In total, an estimated 1,705 households with 6,927 persons will be relocated; 21,244 mu (1,416 ha) land will be permanently acquired; and 9,972 mu (665 ha) of land will be temporarily acquired for the project construction. An estimated total of 23 enterprises will be affected, as well as 11,879 persons.Project preparation has included a social assessment and indigenous population screening along the planned railway line. The reports concluded that, while there are nine villages with minority households or individuals, there is no minority village or community within the project corridor, which was defined as the area within five kilometer distance on either side of the railway. Based on the finding of the social assessment, OP 4.10 is not triggered.Due Diligence Review: The upgrade of the Harbin Rail Station is not part of the project but is related. The Task Team carried out a due diligence review on the corresponding resettlement. It is being upgraded since June 2010, will use 835 mu land, lead to the demolition of 14 enterprises and 33,508 square meters of houses. Among these impacts, only 83 mu land, 9 enterprises and 5500 square meter houses do not belong to the Ministry of Railways. The resettlement is being implemented according to Chinese regulations.Key Measures Taken by the Borrower to Address Safeguards IssuesThe Ministry of Railways has prepared an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) for the project. The EMP, IA and RAP meet the World Bank requirements of OP 4.01 and 4.12 respectively.Mitigation Measures: To address potential impacts, The Ministry of Railways has requested 3rd Railway Survey & Design Institute (TSDI), a Class A licensed EIA consultant in China, to prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment with guidance and advice from the World Bank’s environmental team. In summary, the Ministry implemented a three-fold approach to minimize environmental and social impacts:∙Avoidance: Alternative analysis has been carefully conducted to avoid the environmental and social sensitive areas to the extent possible, as one of the most important mitigation measures to minimize potential adverse environmental andsocial impact. The selected alignment led to reduced house and structuredemolition, especially in the urban areas, and has avoided a number of sensitivesites, including nature reserves and cultural heritage sites.∙Reduced footprint: The project has been designed with state-of-the art engineering. Bridges and tunnels will be constructed for more than 55 percent ofthe alignment (51 percent bridges, 4 percent tunnels). As such, it reduces theecological footprint and the need for land acquisition.Comprehensive mitigation. Detailed environmental design plans (green corridors and landscaping), environmental management plans, and resettlementaction plans have been prepared in order to minimize or compensate forunavoidable impacts from the project.Environmental Management Plan: A stand-alone Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been developed based on the findings of the EIA report. The EMP detailed the environmental management and supervision organizations and responsibilities, mitigation measures, capacity training plan, monitoring plan, and budget estimates of EMP implementation. EMP measures to be implemented by the contractors will be incorporated into bidding documents and contracts to ensure effective implementation. EMP implementation will be managed by the Ministry of Railways (FCTIC) through the Preparatory Group. An environmental management unit will be established in the Preparatory Group with dedicated environmental staff. The contractors and supervision engineers will need to assign qualified environmental staff to their team to ensure effective implementation of the EMP.Resettlement Mitigation Measures: The scope of land acquisition has been minimized by using bridges and tunnels on more than 55 percent of the total railway length and by adjusting the alignment of the railway line to reduce housing and structure demolition, especially in the urban areas.Compensation and Restoration Measures: Compensation for permanently and temporarily acquired land will be conducted according to the provincial land regulation stated in the Resettlement Action Plan. All affected villages will lose less than five percent of farmland, which means no village is seriously affected by the projec t’s land acquisition. People who have lost rural land and houses will be compensated equivalent to the replacement price of the house plus a plot of land provided by the village committees, and people who lost an urban house will be compensated according to market value. Temporarily used land will be restored and returned to the land owner. All compensation will be based on agreements to be reached with the affected farmers, urban citizens and enterprise owners after meaningful consultation. Infrastructure restoration will be directly financed and conducted as part of a contractor’s contract.Capacity: The FCTIC has many years of experience with World Bank projects. The Preparatory Group and local governments will be trained to enhance their implementation capacity in accordance with the Environmental Management Plan and Resettlement Action Plan, which include detailed internal and external monitoring arrangements for their implementation. External consultants on environmental aspects and land acquisition will monitor the implementation of both these plans by all parties involved and provide guidance to the Preparatory Group accordingly.Consultation: During preparations the environmental assessment and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), public consultations were conducted in accordance with the World Bank’s OP4.01 and OP4.12. These were supplemented by a combination of opinionsurveys and public meetings in the townships, village committee and affected villagers’ homes. Stakeholders such as local authorities, civil society, and the affected population were consulted through diverse ways like TV, newspaper, meetings, and focus groups on land acquisition matters. The local governments were consulted on the alignment and location of stations. All the affected villages are informed, investigated and consulted. Specific public concerns have been incorporated in project design, the Environmental Management Plan and the Resettlement Action Plan.Disclosure: The Environmental Management Plan and Resettlement Action Plan have been disclosed in accordance with the World Bank’s policy and were sent to the Infoshop on xx. Information related to the Environment Assessment has been disseminated using posters and bulletins in townships and villages, a local newspaper (Heilongjiang Daily) and through the internet. The draft Environmental Impact Assessment document was disclosed through the Heilongjiang, Harbin and Jiamusi Provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPB) and the HaJia Railway Preparation Group on August 25, 2010 Information disclosure on project land acquisition and resettlement was distributed in the affected villages and communities during the resettlement impact investigation and planning process.Grievance Handling: A contact point will be set up to collect and respond to grievances and the contact information, including contact agencies, contact persons and telephone numbers, for this grievance channel will be made public prior to the project appraisal. The Resettlement Action Plan indicates that any grievance should be rapidly handled through the Preparatory Group resettlement management system, external monitor, local government system, or even court system.IV. Monitoring & EvaluationThe Ministry of Railways collects sufficient data to allow satisfactory monitoring and reporting of the outcomes and results of the project as part of its regular operations. FCTIC will compile data and include them in the semi-annual progress reports. The Preparatory Group will be tasked to collect relevant data to enable monitoring of these indicators. The cost of data collection, monitoring and evaluation will be covered by the administrative budget of the Ministry of Railways and the Preparatory Group. No additional budget is required.Since this is a new line, it is anticipated that most outcomes and results will only be measureable after the completion and commissioning of the project. During project implementation, progress monitoring will focus on intermediate result indicators which capture physical progress in the implementation of the project and impact of the program on employment.During project implementation, a set of indicators will be defined to measure the broader impact of the project on economic development in the first five years of implementation of the new line (2015-2020).。
英语三分钟演讲稿带翻译(合集13篇)
英语三分钟演讲稿带翻译（合集13篇）英语三分钟演讲稿带翻译第1篇People are alarmed by the succession of campus fires in recent years. In each of these accidents heavy casualties were reported – houses were burned down students lost their lives and properties were damaged. Faced with such a chilling fact people keep asking “What on earth results in these repeated tragedies?”近年来，人们对连续的校园火灾感到震惊。
每一个事故中都有严重伤亡报道，房屋被烧毁，学生失去生命，财产受到损失。
面对这样一个令人毛骨悚然的`事实，人们不禁反问，“究竟是什么导致这些悲剧反复发生?”A brief survey of them reveals that human factors still prove to be the leading causes. For example three of these fires were caused by the students’ use of electric water-heaters. As students often leave the heaters unattended the risks are rather high should the water in the bottle boil dry while no one is around to turn off the power. In other cases fires were also caused by stoves candles cigarette butts etc.一项简单的调查揭露，人为因素仍然是主要的原因。
英语演讲稿带翻译范文(精选6篇)
英语演讲稿带翻译范文（精选6篇）英语演讲稿范文带翻译篇一dear students, our way of life is always sunny, blue skies, which in the end the most dazzling ray of sunlight? it was said to be excellent academic performance, it was said to be given to help others 。
and i think that our way of life of the most brilliant sunshine should be reported to belong to the temple map, help us to grow thanks to everyone. yes, the institute of thanksgiving is a feeling, the institute of thanksgiving, but also a character.as teachers and our students, the most important gratitude is a school. schools to give us a big growth stage of life: bright and spacious classrooms, new desks and chairs, air-conditioned and well-being, as well as multi-media facilities, has provided us with an attractive learning environment. read one book bright and clean rooms, provides us with knowledge of the marine tour; flat beautiful big playground, provided us with a good place for the exercise, and pottery room, computer room, dance room, multi-purpose hall, and so on, no school is not out of devotion to our selfless love!however, in these beautiful places, often with some notes of discord. read books in one room, some students read the book, abandonment, i do not know the original release, there is more tear, using the phenomenon of the book; when the red and green and white artificial big playground to open it selfless embrace, and some of the scenes of discord hurt our eyes: a wide range of confetti, colorful tang zhi, and scattered in all corners of the shell seeds, chewing gum, etc. the list goes on of these!students, please put your hand on his chest ask ourselves: i do a thanksgiving school?students, let us now work together, with their good health habits to school thanksgiving, thanksgiving, so that the flowers on campus and open more beautiful.亲爱的同学们，我们的人生之路总是阳光明媚，晴空万里，到底哪一缕阳光最耀眼？有人说是优异的学习成绩，有人说是给予别人帮助……而我认为在我们的人生路上最灿烂的阳光应该属于知恩图报，感谢帮助我们成长的每一个人。
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在惰性气体和蒸汽氛围下生物质的催化热分解摘要这项研究的宗旨是调查多年生的灌木大戟属植物生物质样品用催化剂在惰性气体（N2)气氛下的热量转换。
为了确定不同的氛围（催化剂比例不同）对热分解量和产物特性所产生的效果，这些实验是在被好好清扫过的加热率为7摄氏度/秒的固定床反应器上进行的，并使其最终热分解温度为550℃、粒子平均直径为0.55 毫米。
在氮气流动率为50,100,200和400立方米/分钟并且清扫速率在12,25 和52立方米/分钟时，催化剂比是5% ，10% 和20%(w／w）。
当使用了占生物质量10%的催化剂、氮气流动率为200立方米/分钟的时候，最适宜的油生产量为32.1%；在氮气流动率为25立方米/分钟时，最适宜的油生产量为38.6%。
在蒸气氛围下处理生物质样品可以比在惰性气体（N2) 氛围下得到更高的油生产量。
用元素分析法如红外光谱和气相色谱-质谱来分析油成分，并用色层分析法来分离油产物。
得知在这两种气氛下得到的生化油主要含有正构烷烃和烯烃，芳香烃化合物；并主要是苯及其衍生物和多环芳烃，含氮化合物和酮，羧酸，醛类，酚类及三萜类化合物。
并且在蒸汽氛围下的大戟属植物的催化热分解可以得到更多的含氧化合物以及少量的可替代烷烃和烯烃。
这个根据实验得来的化学特性结论表示从多年生的灌木大戟属植物中获得的油可以是可重复利用的燃料和化学给料的潜在来源。
1.介绍可再生能源不断地被检验来作为化石燃料的替代品。
生物质是一种易取的可再生能源。
它们有着复杂的组织，类似于石油。
但有一个很重要的不同点是，石油是通过提炼得到的，而生物质已经作为一种可见转变过程的农业产品存在。
热分解是一个把有机材料转化为可用燃料的热化学程序。
在连续的热分解反应期间，发生裂解,同分异构化，脱氢作用以及芳构裂化反应，形成了一些有机化合物和液体。
通过在生物质热分解中的最适宜参数的模拟和判断，热分解现象有五个阶段：在热分解的第一个阶段，热量转换从一个热源发生，导致燃料内的温度增加；在第二个阶段，由于温度增加，挥发性物质被释放并且焦炭形成；在第三个阶段，由于热的挥发性物质和较冷的不发热的物质之间发生热传递，燃料挥发出来；在下一个阶段中，一些挥发性物质浓缩产生焦油；而在最后一个阶段，由于相互作用产生自动催化的第二次热分解反应发生。
许多热分解条件如粒子大小，温度，加热率，停留时间, 催化剂，不同的氛围，生物质类型等等，强烈地影响着生产量和产物的特性。
关于生物质热分解的文献有很多。
这些研究的主要目的为在不同的热分解条件下通过生物质样品的分解获得替代的液体燃料并且用各种不同的技术手段来调查研究得到的化学物质。
通过研究化学物质的产量和组织结构，发现热分解过程中最重要的叁数是热分解温度，反应结构，生物质类型，催化剂和加热率。
王教授和他的助手在水平石英反应器上研究油泥的热分解特性中的低热分解温度（400-700℃）和低加热率（5-20℃／每分钟）产生的效果。
他们已经发现最合适的条件是热分解温度为500℃，保持400℃的时间为20分钟和加热率为10℃／每分钟的时候。
在他们的研究中用了三种添加剂当做催化剂，虽然大大地提高了热分解的转换但并没有显著地改善油产物质量。
另一项研究是通过与常规孔硅酸铝（Al-MCM-41 ）和无催化剂的生物质热分解的比较，试验了用β沸石种子组合的两孔硅酸铝材料的生物质热分解蒸汽的改进。
实验是在氮气氛围下一个固定床反应器上进行的，热分解温度是500℃。
使用了孔硅酸铝的系统中有机产物和液体产物总量比无催化剂的系统多。
当使用了孔硅酸铝的系统中碳氢化合物和大量的化合物减少、多环芳烃的增加时，用气相色谱-质谱来分析产物。
在固定床上做实验时的热分解温度（300-900℃）和低加热率（2-14℃/每分钟）的影响被确定了。
研究发现最终的热分解温度比加热率更重要，在产出的焦油中发现了大约120种化合物。
在另一项研究中，在惰性的气氛下进行了南方松树、红色橡树和香枫锯屑的热分解实验，而且用气相色谱-质谱识别了气体和液体热分解产物。
低于538℃时，主要的液体成份是酮类，醇类，甲酚；然而几乎碳化氢。
在蒸气气氛下做的热分解研究主要地把重心集中在活性碳产物上了。
还在不同的气氛下得到的生化油产量相比较。
在这些研究中，把3种不同气氛（静态，惰性蒸汽）下获得的生物油产量进行了比较。
研究结果表明在几种气氛中蒸汽气氛下生物油产量最大。
为此，在有催化剂的惰性蒸汽氛围下做实验的第一阶段，要比较生物油产量。
先前在蒸气气氛中做的实验中，特地没有检验生化油成份。
因此，研究的第二个阶段要求补上这个环节。
松烯碳化氢是有高能量的碳化氢。
正因为如此，他们可能会被利用作为发动机燃料和化学原料。
最有名的类萜生物质属于大戟科。
由于长在干旱的安纳托利亚中部土地上的大戟属植物以丰富的数量增加，并且不需要任何特别的浇灌，这使得这种植物成为一种新的能源来源。
已经做了好几个有关于这种植物热分解的研究。
因此，本研究的目的是通过实验研究、元素分析、红外光谱、气相色谱-质谱和柱层析的影响的手段，来调查惰性蒸汽气氛对产物产量和油化学特性的主要成分，并与其它的比较所得结果。
2.实验2.1材料从安那托利亚西南部带来大戟属植物的新鲜样品。
在实验之前，样品要弄干，磨细，在筛子中筛了然后分开。
用生物质中0.55 毫米的大小的粒子。
被热解的生物质样品的主要特性：在我们前面的研究中详细讨论了它们的接近的，最终的和成份分析。
氧化铝被当作实验的催化剂使用。
为了激活它，要把催化剂在400℃下焙烧3.5 个小时，并存放于干燥器中。
2.2热分解在固定床反应器上做热分解实验。
在其他地方有热分解实验的详细描述，图1是概要的单位的图表。
316号不锈钢反应器容积为400cm 3(70 毫米），并且额外地用一个电火炉加热，并用床内的热电偶测量温度。
在反应器和陷扰系统之间的连接管要加热到400℃以避免焦油蒸汽的凝结。
实验在两个不同条件下进行：惰性气体（N2）下和蒸汽气氛下。
图1.固定床反应器的概要图表这个蒸汽仪器包括一个反应器，蒸汽发生器和酸性物质收集器以及一个气体仪表。
这个仪器使用的都是纯净水和温度保持在150摄氏度。
液体产品在一个水冷却压缩机中进行冷却。
蒸汽流达到150°C时被送入反应器。
实验在氮环境而非蒸汽环境中进行。
压缩机在水中进行冷却。
酸性物质只能在被干冰冷却的容器中进行收集。
缓慢移动的气流速度为50、1001200、400CM3/MIN之间。
催化剂被分配为两个不同的组。
第一组直接在实验开始之前就加入了生物质，增加的催化剂为干湿混合物。
他们在和反应器一样的温度中进行。
实验允许催化剂的突发反应。
第二组催化剂被放置在第二个反应器里，和前面的模式不同的是，催化剂可以被放置在不同的环境下。
干混合催化剂在实验中起关键作用。
实验是为了验证在不同环境下催化剂比例对实验结果的影响。
实验期间，10克样品（平均大小0.5毫米）与15%--20%的催化剂混合，然后被放置在反应器中。
反应器在加热速率为7°/min的环境中被持续加热至550°C。
实验器材将被加热至少30分钟或至无明显可观察到气体的泄露。
气体流动速度由一个胶片进行记录。
在实验结束时，生物油已经通过蒸馏从水中分离出来。
从反应器中测出来的损失的总量可以计算出碳元素的含量。
而对于气体和水来说可由自由基的数量计算。
每个实验做三次，以保证每次实验环境下的数据误差在2%以内。
2.3特性描述石油产量的分析在给定最大石油产量的实验环境下获得。
1108个仪器用来验证石油混合物的成分。
一个数据观测器被用来检验不同的数据。
分离器使用1000个子分离器。
测量数据最后被记录在胶片上。
石油混合物的化学成分由液体层离法技术获得。
石油在温度为170°的环境中持续6小时加热得到分离。
这个水柱随后被从n-戊烷中析出，来获得富含脂肪或芳香丁类的物质。
每个部分由不同的层析器获得，然后进行成分分析。
所有的样品被分离成两个部分，以使可溶解和非可溶解戊烷充分混合。
可溶解戊烷被吸附式色层分析法进一步分离。
芳香基含有单芳香族化合物通常是苯或其衍生物或多环芳烃，含有酚，酮和杂项含氧化合物。
2.3.1气相色谱-质谱用气相色谱-质谱来分析石油产物，采用的仪器为惠普的HP 6890气相色谱仪加上一个惠普5973四极探测器。
该气相色谱仪是用材质为5 ％苯基硅氧烷的0.25厘米厚膜包裹的毛细管柱（惠普- 5 ），大小为30米* 0.25毫米。
氦是为载体，其恒定流速为1.2毫升/分钟。
初步烘箱温度50℃维持了5分钟，然后从50℃以5 ℃/每分钟的速度调整至280 ℃，并等温维持30分钟。
在280℃时采用无分流注入。
离子来源和移动线温度分别是 230 和300℃。
在全扫描模式下得到了在33-533之间的数据，并用了5分钟的溶剂延迟。
用NIST 光谱数据库对色谱峰进行鉴定。
可以根据总离子色彩层析谱来计算色谱峰所占的百分比。
3.结论和分析3.1在惰性气体（N2）氛围下实验的产量在不同的催化剂百分比时生物质的产量对惰性气体流速的依赖性显示在图2-4上。
数据表明，即使惰性气体流动速率发生改变，还是没有看到产量有显著的变化。
当用了占生物质重量5%的催化剂、氮气流动率是50 cm 3/每分钟的时候，油产量是28.2%，而在没有催化剂并静止的氛围下，油生产量只有 21.5%。
这表明在氮气中使用催化剂增加产量到49%. 当流动速率增加到 200 cm 3/每分钟的时候，生产量增加了 8.1%，变成了 30.5% 。
惰性气体（N2）速度；立方米/每分钟图2 在5%催化剂含量的系统中生物质产量对惰性气体流速的依赖程度惰性气体（N2）速度；立方米/每分钟图3 在10%催化剂含量的系统中生物质产量对惰性气体流速的依赖程度同样地，在含10%催化剂的系统中，随着氮流速从 50变化到 200 cm 3/每分钟，产量增加了从29%增加到32.1% 。
在含20%催化剂的系统中，当氮气流速增长了7.8%最小为31.9%时，油产量达到了29.6%。
在氮气流速为400cm3/min时，油产量的轻微增加却与200cm3/min 时相关。
这其中的原因可能与实验条件有关，并且最低预期产量是流速为200cm3/min的值。
当使用了10%的催化剂并且气体流速为200cm3/min时，可以得到最大的油产量为32.1%。
虽然作为处理参数的功能在产量上没有明显的改变，但根据总平衡式对水和气的产量计算，它们只会随油产量的变化而变化。
惰性气体（N2）速度；立方米/每分钟图4 在20%催化剂含量的系统中生物质产量对惰性气体流速的依赖程度3.2 在蒸汽氛围下的油产量图5-7表明了在蒸汽氛围内，生物质产量与不同催化剂百分比的关系。