文化差异视角下的英汉成语翻译外文翻译文献

文化差异视角下的英汉成语翻译外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
论文化差异视角下的英汉成语翻译
[关键词]文化文化差异成语翻译策略
[论文摘要]成语作为英汉语言的精华，带有浓厚的历史和民族文化积淀，它的产生和使用在各自的文化中表现出各自的特色，成语翻译历来是翻译的难点。

文章从英汉文化差异的视角，阐述文化差异对英汉成语翻译的影响，探讨如何灵活运用英汉成语翻译策略，以尽可能在译文可读性和保留原语文化间寻求最佳平衡点。

一、引言
成语（set phrases）是习语（the idiomatic phrases）的一种，是人们在长期实践和使用过程中提炼出的语言结晶。

成语一般来自于古代经典、著名著作、历史故事、民间传说等，蕴含着丰富的文化信息，具有强烈的民族特色。

进行英汉成语互译，要处理语言和文化的矛盾，不仅要译出原语成语的形象、喻义、
修辞，也要译出其文化含义。

如成语“守株待兔”，是中国的一个古代故事,若译为stand by a stump waiting for the appearance of a hare,会令人大惑不解。

若译为stick to old practice and refuse to have a change 或是trust to chance and windfall，虽然其意表达出来了，但成语的文化特征已是荡然无存，因而也不可取。

可见, 处理英汉成语互译的关键是运用文化差异的视角。

二、英汉成语所反映的文化差异
如果说语言是反映文化的一面镜子，那么作为语言的核心和精华的成语更是文化的结晶，集中的体现了各自文化的差异。

英语和汉语作为两门完全不同的语言，体现的是两种完全迥异的文化。

文化的最早定义是来自英国人类文化学家泰勒，他下的定义：文化是一个复杂的总体，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗，以及人类在社会里所得的一切能力与习惯。

可见，文化是一个很复杂的系统。

通过比较，英汉成语所反映的文化差异主要体现在地理环境、风俗习惯、宗教信仰和历史文化四方面。

（一）地理环境文化
自然环境是人类赖以生存和发展的基础，不同的自然环境对民族文化的形成和发展有着不同的影响。

中国属于典型的大陆环境，自古以来，就是一个农耕气氛比较浓厚的国家，土地在人们的生活中显得至关重要，汉语中有相当一部分和土地和农业生产相关的成语。

如“挥金如土” “面如土色”“瓜田李下”等等。

西方受海岛狭小范围的限制，土地资源十分有限，为了生存发展，航海业和渔业十分发达，英语中有很多关于船和水的成语，如plains ailing(一帆风顺)to go with the stream(随波逐流)、to keep one’s head above water(奋力图存)等等。

（二）风俗习惯文化
风俗习惯的差异是文化差异的一个主要方面，在成语当中有较多的反映，特别是在动物形象上。

龙在中西文化中代表了两种完全相反的形象。

在中国传统文化中，龙象征着吉利，汉语中与龙有关的成语一般都含褒义。

如“望子成龙”“龙凤呈祥”等。

但在西方神话传说中，dragon是一种长着翅膀，能够从口中喷火的怪物，令人感到恐怖。

因此，在西方文化中，dragon通常是邪恶的代表，a dragon就常被用来形容飞扬跋扈、令人讨厌的人。

（三）宗教信仰文化
与宗教信仰有关的成语也大量地出现在英汉成语中。

佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，有佛教关的成语有很多，如“借花献佛”“平时不烧香、临时抱佛脚”等。

在英国等西方国家，影响最大的宗教是基督教。

在人们心中，God具有无上的法力。

英语成语中有许多与God相关的成语。

如God helps those who help themselves, Man proposes, God disposes。

人们诅咒一个人常说God damn you ,危险过后常说God bless you。

（四）历史文化
历史文化指由特定的历史发展进程的沉淀所形成的文化，其中一个重要内容是历史典故。

历史典故是民族历史文化中的瑰宝，蕴含着丰富的历史文化信息。

汉语的典故成语多出自《四书》、《五经》或神话传说，如“东施效颦”、“名落孙山”等。

英语的典故成语多来自《圣经》，希腊罗马神话或《伊索寓言》等，如：Achilles’ hell，a Pandora’s box 等。

三、英汉成语的翻译策略
一些翻译理论家，如兰博（Lam Bert）和雷恩（Robins）认为：与其把翻译视为一种双语之间的转换活动，不如把翻译看成是两种文化之间的交流活动。

由此可见文化必须纳入到英汉成语翻译的研究范围，王佐良说：“翻译者必须是一个真正意义上的文化人。

人们全说，他必须掌握两种语言，确实如此：但是，不了解语言当中的社会文化，谁也无法真正掌握语言。

”
翻译的最终目的是实现不同文化之间的交流，成语翻译更应遵循这个原则。

奈达说：“The best translation does not sound like a translation”,鲁迅先生讲过：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然为求其易解，一则保存着原作的风姿。

”就成语翻译而言，就是能直译的就直译，不能直译的就意译，尽可能在译文可读性和保留原语文化间寻求最佳平衡点，确保在最大程度上将原文所包含的文化信息呈现给译文读者，达到“文化传真”的目标。

实践当中，英汉成语翻译通常采用以下方法：
（一）直译法
直译法，指在不违背译文语言规范以及不引起错误联想的条件下，在译文中保留原成语的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩。

如：A gentleman’s agreement(君子协定)；Wall have ears（隔墙有耳）；竭泽而渔（to drain a pond to catch all the fish）;前人栽树，后人乘凉（One generation plants the trees under whose trade another generation rests）。

直译能够比较完整地保留原成语的比喻形象、民族色彩，可以丰富译语的词汇，使读者体验到一种
新鲜感。

（二）直译加注法
有些成语，其历史典故文化比较浓厚，直译之外，还需加必要的注释。

如a Don Juan 唐磺。

意为风流浪子。

Don Juan是英国诗人拜伦作品中的人物，他是一个勇敢、风流的骑士。

现在，他经常被用来指代具有这些品质的年轻人。

这类成语如果不加解释地直译出来，译文读者一般很难理解其寓意。

再如，汉语成语“班门弄斧”：show off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter。

如在译文中不加后半部分解释语，只译Lu Ban,恐怕大部分英国读者不知道Lu Ban 为何许人，自然对这一成语的理解会产生疑惑。

（三）意译法
意译法指翻译时仅保留原文的意思而不保留原文表达形式的方法。

当由于文化差异而无法直译，直译加注释过长，会破坏成语的简洁性和可读性时，就用意译法，灵活传达原意。

如英语成语Two friends are hand in glove with each other(亲同手足)，to snap and snarl at a kind-hearted man(狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心)。

汉语成语具有的民族文化特色很多情况下在英语中难以用直译法体现，也常采用意译法，虽难以保全成语的文化特色和形象，却能简洁地反映出成语的喻意。

如事实胜于雄辩Facts speak louder than words。

背黑锅hold the bag，汉语口语中“背黑锅”的说法意指某人干了坏事而责任却落在未干坏事的人身上。

英语中把这种情况说成“捧着布袋子”（hold the bag），值得注意的是：英美人讲hold the bag既可能是同犯错误的人，也可能是没有牵连的人。

（四）直译加意译法
应注意到，直译和意译是相对而言的，没有一个绝对的界限。

在很多情况下，为保留原文形象，并使译文畅达，英汉成语可部分直译，部分意译。

如成语“东施效颦”，如意译成Dong shi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrows in imitation of the famous beauty Xishi only to make herself uglier,英文读者会由于不知道西施是何许人而无法理解其含义。

若采用直译加意译的方法，在上文之后加上意译“blind imitation with ludicrous effect”,其意便一目了然了。

在英语中有这样一句成语“Even Homer sometimes nods”，在这句成语后面，译者会加上一句“Even the wise are not always free from error”，正好对应了汉语成语“智者千虑，必有一失”。

（五）回译法
有一小部分成语，本来自于源语，翻译时可采用源语的成语，如以眼还眼an eye for
eye，鳄鱼的眼泪crocodile’stears，武装到牙齿armed to the teeth等。

四、结束语
作为一种独特的语言文化现象，成语具有较大的文化信息负载量，是英汉民族语言中最富有民族文化特色的部分。

正如Lotman所说：“没有一种语言不是植根于具体的文化之中的；也没有一种文化不是以某种自然语言的结构为中心的。

”在翻译成语时，关键是把握好汉语和英语各自的文化，运用文化差异的视角根据实际情况灵活采用恰当的译法，尽可能了解民族语言与文化，深刻理解成语本身的意义，才能使成语的翻译达到最高的境界。

参考文献
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Cultural Differences of English and Comparative Study of Translation
I. Introduction
Idioms (set phrases) is the idiom (the idiomatic phrases) a, is that people in long-term practice and use the language to extract the crystal. Idioms generally come from the ancient classic, well-known works, historical stories, folklore, etc., contains a wealth of cultural information, with strong ethnic characteristics.
To C translation, language and culture to deal with the contradiction, not only translated the image of the original language idioms, figurative meaning, rhetoric, have translated their cultural meaning. Such as the phrase "passive" is an ancient Chinese story, if translated into the stand by a stump waiting for the appearance of a hare, would be puzzling. If translated stick to old practice and refuse to have a change or a trust to chance and windfall, although its meaning expressed, but the idiom of cultural identity is gone, and therefore undesirable. Shows that the key to dealing with C translation is to use the perspective of cultural differences.
II. English and Chinese cultural differences reflected in
If language is a mirror reflecting the culture, then as the language of the core and essence of the idiom is culture, the concentrated expression of their own cultural differences. English and Chinese as two completely different languages, reflecting the two entirely different culture.
Culture is defined as the first scientist from the United Kingdom Taylor of human culture, he defines: Culture is a complex whole, including knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and human society from all the capabilities and habits . Shows that culture is a very complex system. By comparison, English and Chinese cultural differences reflected mainly in the geographical environment, customs, religion, history and culture in four areas.
(A) of the geographical and cultural
The natural environment of human existence and the basis for development of different natural environment of the formation and development of national culture have different effects. Environment typical of the mainland of China since ancient times, is a relatively rich country farm atmosphere, land in people's life are critical, a considerable portion of Chinese language and land and agricultural production-related idioms. Such as "big spenders" "Mianrutuse" "highly suspicious" and so on. Narrow the scope of the West by the island's limited land resources are limited, in order to survive the development of seafaring and fishing very well developed, there are many English idioms on the boat and water, such as the plains ailing (smooth) to go with the stream (drift), to keep one's head above water (struggling for existence) and so on.
(B) of the customs and cultural
Differences in customs and cultural differences is a key aspect, in the idiom of which reflect more,
especially in the animal image. Dragon in East and West represent two totally opposite image. In traditional Chinese culture, the dragon is a symbol of auspiciousness in Chinese dragon with the phrase generally commendatory. Such as "family resemblance" "Dragon and Phoenix" and so on. However, in the Western legends, dragon is a kind of wings, to fire-breathing monster from the mouth, it is terrifying. Thus, in Western culture, dragon is usually representative of evil, a dragon is often used to describe the domineering, obnoxious people.
(C) religious beliefs and cultural
And religion-related idioms are also large numbers in English and idioms. Buddhism came to China has 1000 years of history, there are many Buddhist-related idioms, such as "Jiehuaxianfo" "usually do not burn incense, cramming," and so on. In the UK and other Western countries, the most influential religion is Christianity. In people's hearts, God has the supreme powers. There are a lot of English idioms and God-related idioms. If God helps those who help themselves, Man proposes, God disposes. A common saying among the people curse God damn you, after the often dangerous said God bless you.
(D) history and culture
History, culture refers to a specific historical development of culture formed by the precipitation of one of the important contents of historical allusion. Historical allusion is in the national historical and cultural treasure, with rich historical and cultural information. The story of Chinese idioms and more from the "Four Books", "Five Classics" or myths and legends, such as "mere copycat", "Mingluosunshan" and so on. The story of English idioms come from the "Bible" Greek and Roman mythology or the "Aesop's Fables," and so on, such as: Achilles' hell, a Pandora's box and so on.
III. English and Chinese Translation
Number of translation theorists, such as Rambo (Lam Bert) and Rennes (Robins) that: as a bilingual translator with the transition between activities, it is better to translate as exchanges between the two cultures. This shows that culture must be incorporated into the translation of the scope of study, WANG Zuo said: "The translator must be a real intellectuals. People all that he had to master both languages, do so: But, do not know Among the social and cultural language, no one can really master the language. "
Translation ultimate goal is to achieve communication between different cultures, idioms translation should follow this principle. Nida said: "The best translation does not sound like a translation", Mr. Lu said before: "All translations must be balanced with both sides, a course for the sake of its easiness, a preserved original posture." The phrase translation concerned, is the literal translation of the literal translation can not be literal translation of the free translation, translation as far as readability and retention of primitive cultures to find the best balance between ensuring the maximum extent the cultural information contained in the original presentation to the President readers to "cultural fax" target. Practice, the translation of commonly used the following methods:
(A) of the literal translation
Literal translation, language translation that does not contravene the norms, and Lenovo does not cause an error condition, to retain the original idiom in the translation of metaphor, image, and national, local color. Such as: A gentleman's agreement (gentlemen's agreement); Wall have ears (walls have ears); Terra Tragedy (to drain a pond to catch all the fish); predecessors trees, descendants cool (One generation plants the trees under whose trade another generation rests ). Literally be able to compare intact the image of the original idiom metaphor, national color, can enrich the target language vocabulary, the reader to experience a sense of freshness.
(B) literal notation method
Some idioms, their relatively strong historical and cultural allusions, literally one must also add the necessary comments. Such as a Don Juan Don Juan. Merry prodigal means. Don Juan is the works of English poet Lord Byron's character, he is a brave, romantic knight. Now, he often used to refer to young people with these qualities. If these idioms literally out without explanation, the reader often difficult to understand its implication. Again, Chinese idiom "trespass": show off one's proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter. If asked to explain in the second half without words, only the translation of Lu Ban, I am afraid I do not know the majority of British readers.
(C) free translation
Free translation means translation, not only to retain the original meaning of the method to retain the original forms of expression. When, due to cultural differences can not be literal, literal translation with footnotes too long, will destroy the idiom of simplicity and readability, the translation on the intended flexibility to convey intent. Such as English Idioms Two friends are hand in glove with each other (with hand, foot and pro), to snap and snarl at a kind-hearted man (dog bites play the part of people do not know well). Chinese Idioms with the cultural characteristics of many cases in the literal translation in English is difficult to reflect, often with free translation, although difficult to preserve the idiom of the culture and image, but it can reflect simple figurative idioms. Such as the facts speak for themselves Facts speak louder than words. Scapegoat hold the bag, Spoken Chinese, "scapegoat," saying that a person has done bad things and the responsibility falls to those who did not do bad things. English, regarded this situation as "holding the bag son" (hold the bag), It is worth noting: British and American people hold the bag while speaking may be the same people who make mistakes, it may not be implicated.
(D) literal plus free translation
It should be noted, literal and free translation is relative, not an absolute limit. In many cases, to preserve the original image, and make accessible translation, English idioms can be part of the literal part of the free translation. Such as the phrase "mere copycat" wishful to Dong shi, an ugly woman, knitting her eyebrows in imitation of the famous beauty Xishi only to make herself uglier, English readers did not know beauties who are the people unable to understand its meaning.
Increase the use of a literal paraphrase of the method, after the above paraphrase "blind imitation with ludicrous effect", its meaning will be clear of. In such a phrase in English "Even Homer sometimes nods", in the back of this idiom, the translator will add a "Even the wise are not always free from error", exactly corresponds to the Chinese proverb "The best is there must be a loss." (E) back translation
A small part of the idiom, this comes from the source language, translation can be used when the source language idioms, such as an eye, an eye for eye, crocodile tears crocodile'stears, armed to the teeth armed to the teeth and so on.
IV. Conclusion
As a unique language and cultural phenomenon, idioms and cultural information with a large load, is in English and Chinese language part of the richest cultural characteristics. As Lotman said: "There is no one language is not rooted in specific culture of; do not a culture not based on the structure of a natural language-centered." Idiom in the translation, the key is a good grasp of Chinese and their own culture in English, using the perspective of cultural differences flexibly according to the actual use of the appropriate translation, as far as possible to understand the national language and culture, and deep understanding of the significance of their own idiom, to make the translation of idioms in the realm of the highest
References
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[2] Peter Newmark. Translation of [M], Shanghai, Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001
[3] package Hui Nam, Cultural Context and Language Translation [M], Beijing, China Translation and Publishing Corporation, 2001
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[8] WANG Zuo, translation of cultural comparison [J], translation of communications, 1984 (1)
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Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 1980
第二种翻译
1 theory from the perspective of the cultural differences between English idiom translation of English idioms and the cultural differences
[key words] culture differences idiom translation strategies
[English] idioms as the essence of language, with strong historical and cultural accumulation, its production and use in their respective cultures show their respective features, idiom translation has been translated. From the perspective of cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms of this cultural differences affect, discusses how to translate the English idiom translation strategies flexibly, as in the original language culture readability and retain the best balance between.
A, introduction
Idioms (set phrases) is the idiomatic idioms (phrases), is a long-term practice and use in the process of refining the crystallization of language. Idioms usually comes from ancient classics, famous works, historical story, folklore, contains rich cultural information and has strong ethnic characteristics.
English idioms are necessary, to deal with the contradiction of language and culture, not only to produce the idiom, rhetoric, image, overstepping languages will produce its cultural meaning. Such idiom "waiting", is one of China's ancient story, as if by a stump them waiting for a hare pull, can make a person. What if it is different than refuse and a windfall and trust or guys to express the meaning, although the cultural features of idioms, but has also disappeared is not acceptable. Visible, the key is translating English idioms by the cultural differences.
Second, the Chinese idioms reflect the cultural differences
If the language is a mirror reflects the culture as the core of language and the essence of the idiom is the crystallization of culture, concentration reflected their cultural differences. English and Chinese are the two completely different languages, reflects the two completely different culture. Culture is the earliest definition from Britain in human culture, historians Taylor definition: culture is a complex, including the general knowledge and belief, art, morals, law, custom, and the human in the society all ability and habits. Visible, culture is a very complicated system. Through the comparison, Chinese idioms reflect the cultural differences are mainly embodied in geographical environment, customs, religious belief and the historical culture from four aspects. (a) geography environment culture
Natural environment is human survival and development foundation, different natural environment for the formation and development of national culture has a different effect. China belongs to the typical continental environment, since the ancient times, is a strong country atmosphere is farming land, people's life in a crucial, there are quite a few Chinese land and agricultural production and related idiom. Such as "" face was ashy grey" miserly GuaTianLiXia ", etc. By the western isles narrow scope limits, land resources is very limited, in order to survive and develop, navigation, English is developed in the fishing boats and a lot of water, such as sailing for ailing (to) the flow stream (paintings go to one, "the very real water (above) to survive.
(2) custom culture
Custom differences is one of the main aspects of cultural differences among the idiom, in more reflect, especially in the image on the animals. In Chinese and western culture in two completely opposite represents the image. In the traditional Chinese culture, the dragon, symbol of Chinese channel and the relevant idioms usually contains BaoYi. "These ChengXiang dragon", "etc. But in western myth and legend, the dragon is a long wings, can from my mouth fire monster feared. Therefore, in western culture, the dragon is usually a dragon, evil is often used to describe trespassed, boring person.
(3) religious culture
And religious beliefs about the idiom is large in english-chinese phrases. Buddhism was introduced into China for over a thousand years of history, there are many buddhist shut idiom, such as "JieHuaXianFo" usually don't burn incense, cram ", etc. In Britain and other western countries, the biggest impact Christianity. In people's hearts, at the supreme spirit with. English idioms related with many of the idioms at. If at the else, proposes that a Man of disposes at that. People curse at people often say that a damn, after the dangerous site at often said bless.
(4) history and culture
The specific historical culture refers to the process of historical development, formed by precipitation of culture is one of the important contents of historical allusion. History is the national history and culture in allusion to treasure, contains rich historical and cultural information. The Chinese literary idioms from the four more "and" five or myths and legends, such as "attire", "MingLaSunShan", etc. English idioms from the story in the bible, Greek and Roman mythology or Aesop, such as: first, a Achilles' Pandora's box, etc.
Third, the translation strategies in English idioms
Some translation theorist, such as rambo (Lam) and Ryan (Bert thought: the Robins) translation as a bilingual conversion between activity, as well as the translation is the communication between the two cultures. Thus culture must be attached to the English idiom translation studies WangZuoLiang range, said: "the translator must be a real sense of literacy. People all say, he must grasp two languages, indeed, but do not understand the language of social culture, who can truly mastered the language."
Translation is the ultimate goal of the communication between different cultures, idiom translation should abide by the principle of more. Nida said: "maybe does not The sound like a Mr. Lu xun, maybe," said: "every translation, The two sides, one must learn The course for an easy solution, The charm of The original preserved." Idiom translation is concerned, the literal translation is the literal translation, not just in translation, and retain the original language culture readability, ensure the best balance between the maximum general text contained in the cultural information to the
readers, achieve the goal "cultural facsimile". Practice English idiom translation, usually use the following method:
(a) literal translation
Literal translation, refers to the standard in the language and not cause errors in lenovo, under the condition of the translation of idioms parables, image and national and local color. Such as: A gentleman 's each (gentleman's agreement), Ears (even) acompanied by, The goose that lays the golden eggs to drain a pond (to catch the fish), Predecessors trees, plants the cool (One generation trees about what action under whose generation). Literal translation can be compared to preserve the integrity of the idiom, national figurative images, can enrich the vocabulary, enable readers to experience a kind of freshness.
(2) method of charging literal
Some idioms, its history and culture is strong allusion, still need to add the necessary comments. If a sulfonylurea Don Juan maps. For the romantic prodigal son. British poet maps Juan byron characters, he was a brave, knight. Now, he is often used to refer to the quality of the young. This idiom, if not explain, readers to understand its meaning very hard commonly. Be like again, Chinese idioms "to display:" one off the axe proficiency before Lu Ban paintings, master remodeling. If not in the second half part of language, the only explanation, most British Lu Ban Lu Ban for readers don't know who to this idiom, nature will understand.
(3) free translation
Verse only to translation of the original form of expression rather reserved. When due to cultural differences can add comments, literal translation too long, will destroy the idiom of simplicity and readability, translation, flexible and convey the original intention. If English idioms in turn makes five glove to kiss? They are (with brothers), a snap and kind hearted - snarl at man (dog lu dongbin of). Chinese idioms with national cultural characteristics in many cases in English with literal translation, free translation, and is often used to preserve idiom is the cultural features and image, and could reflect the idiom metaphor. Facts speak louder than words such as speak louder than words. Bag bag, enjoying the spoken Chinese "bag" means someone did wrong and responsibility in the dry, fell ill. This situation in English, "said BuDaiZi holding the bag pyramid.making" (note), the American people, both enjoying bag might be accomplice errors may be no involvement.
JiaYi literal translation (4)
Should notice, the literal and free translation is relative, not an absolute boundaries. In many cases, to maintain the original image, and to make the translation conveys, english-chinese phrases can be part of literal translation, part. Such idiom attire, with an ugly shi Dong translated, 'how, in imitation of sacrifices of major Xishi you how beauty herself uglier, English reader will not know who is due to understand its meaning. If you use literal translation and methods of translation "'ve mentioned and imitation after effect ", meaning ludicrous paintings will be clear at a glance. In English idioms have such a Homer sometimes nods for ", "in this expression, can add behind that are not the wise" as freely though they are free, just under the Chinese idioms "brebis comptees, le loup les mange.
(5) to translation
A small fraction of idioms from the source language, and can be used when the source language translation of idioms, as are an eye for an eye, crocodile tears are crocodile stears' armed to the teeth, armed to teeth.
Four, closing
As a kind of unique cultural phenomenon, the language of the cultural information idioms have larger capacity, is the national language, English is the most rich national cultural characteristics of the part. As Lotman said: "without a language is rooted in specific culture; nor a culture is not a natural language structure for the center." In translation, the key is to grasp the idiom in English and Chinese culture, the use of their cultural difference Angle according to the actual situation of the flexible using appropriate translation, as the national language and culture, and understand the profound understanding idiom, to make itself the idiom translation reach the highest realm. References
Eugene Nida [1] A day to train A Translating of Leiden; [j]. 1964
[2] Peter Newmark, translation [M], discussed in Shanghai, Shanghai foreign language education press, 2001
[3] BaoHui south, cultural context and language translation [M], Beijing, China's translation and publishing company, 2001
[4] JinHuiKang, XuBian intercultural translation [M], Beijing, China's translation and publishing company, 2004
[5] translation aesthetics, Peter [M], Beijing, China, 2005, translation and publishing company
[6], "lu xun's problem is" grass, lu xun's essays [A] [C], complete in luoyang, henan people's press, 1994
[7], SunHuiJun ZhengQingZhu, previous studies of the cultural turn [J], Chinese translation, 2000, (5) : 11-14
[8] wang zuoliang, who the culture [J], translation, 1984 (1)
[9] YuYunGen coursebook, LiZongJie, etc, the english-chinese translation [M], tutorials, Shanghai foreign language education press, 1980
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